The Impact Of Organizational Culture On The Lincoln...

Through my reading about LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY I can see that organizational culture played an important important role in success of this company. All main elements that form Oranizational culture represented in THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY, that what made this company prospered and thrived in its activity through the applying The P-O-L-C Framework effectively. I can discern the aspects of influence of oraganizational culture in manging this company towards higher levels in output through the following the principal elements that Organizational culture includes. - Organizational culture is a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that helps individuals understand which behaviors are and are not appropriate within an organization. Cultures can be a source of competitive advantage for organizations. Strong organizational cultures can be an organizing as well as a controlling mechanism for organizations. And finally, organizational culture consists of three levels: assumptions that are below the surface, values, and artifacts. - Culture is largely invisible to individuals just as the sea is invisible to the fish swimming in it. Even though it affects all employee behaviors, thinking, and behavioral patterns, individuals tend to become more aware of their organization’s culture when they have the opportunity to compare it to other organizations. -An organization’s culture may be one of its strongest assets or its biggest liability. In fact, it has been arguedShow MoreRelatedLincoln Electric Company s Impact On Corporate Culture905 Words   |  4 Pagesvalue†; as found within Lincoln Electrics’ Vision Statement (Lincoln Electric 1999-2016). The beliefs and values transferred from company founders and instilled into employees can have an overwhelming impact on corporate culture. By establishing a positive corporate culture one can influence exceptional company performance. This is clearly demonstrated by Lincoln Electric Company, from its early days until its present day. I will present how the Lincoln Electric Company has done just that! BeforeRead MoreThe Lincoln Electric Company s Aspects Of The Company898 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Carpenter, Taylor and Erdogan (2009) Organizational culture could be considered as a system of defining standadrds of appropriate company’s staff behavior and control of inappropriate company’s staff behavior, and plays very important role in company’s life. On the one hand it is absolutely necessary for continuous motivating of workers through sharing of values within organization. On the other hand it is used as means of control since in certain circumstances it has more influenceRead MoreCase Analysis : Lincoln Electric Company958 Words   |  4 PagesCase Analysis: Lincoln Electric The Lincoln Electric Company is a great example of an organization that has multiple cultures within it. In this week’s reading of chapter 8, we learned about several cultures. The ones that come to mind immediately when referencing Lincoln Electric Company are people-oriented and outcome-oriented. (Carpenter, Taylor Erdogan, 2009, p. 188) Investigating the founders of the company makes it easy to see that Lincoln Electric Company’s founders shared a common visionRead MoreThe Lincoln Electric Companys Culture1207 Words   |  5 Pagesset of values and beliefs, rooted deep in the company’s organizational structure that depict the â€Å"dos†, â€Å"don’t† and the â€Å"hows†, of the organization and these unequivocally represents the culture of the organization. This concept became popular in the 1980s when Peters and Waterman in their book: â€Å"In search of Excellence† presented the profound argument that, the success of any organization is inextricable linked to the quality of its culture. (Carpenter, M., Taylor, B., Erdogan, B. 2009 p183). TheRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Lincoln Electric Company934 Words   |  4 Pages The Lincoln Electric Company was created by John C. Lincoln in 1895 after being forced out of the Elliot-Lincoln Company. The Lincoln Electric compan y would go on to become the world’s largest manufacturer of welding products and machines. This all came to be due to the business culture instilled by the founders and continued up to the present. A Harvard case study done by Arthur Sharplin, shows the organizational culture within Lincoln Electric is unique to any single ordinary business cultureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study1006 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Lincoln Electric Company Harvard Case Study by Arthur Sharplin By: Lauren N. Ingram The Lincoln Electric Company was a legacy company from which the families personal values were incorporated in the beginning and continue to be the fundamental beliefs compromising the company s culture. By creating and implementing a culture of service, respect, and loyalty, the Lincoln Electric Company has become an institutional leader in American business standards. Lincoln s culture cannot beRead MoreCritical Analysis of Lincoln Electric1423 Words   |  6 PagesLincoln Electric: Critical Analysis on the Philosophy of Control Kaplan University Shannon Blair Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyze a case study related to issue of control and how organizations can utilize different approaches of control in order to improve quality and performance in all arenas, domestic and global. The focus of this case revolves around Lincoln Electric, an Ohio based company that has set the bar for how to develop and implement a successful management systemRead MoreThe Organizational Culture And Subcultures Within A Business Organization1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe organizational culture and subcultures within a business determines, to a larger extent, how the business performs and the quality of people that comprises an organization. Such culture is often initially created on purpose, but takes on life and identity of its own, developing organically and eventually controls and cultivates people within the organization. The case of Lincoln Electric Company is an interesting one, starting from the very early beginnings when the company was run by the brothersRead MoreLincoln Electric: Case Study2209 Words   |  9 PagesLincoln Electric: Case Study Lincoln Electric is one of the leading producers and manufacturers of Arc Welding Products and Electric Motors. Lincoln Electric’s success lies on the foundation of the various company policies introduced by James Lincoln. This case study analyzed the critical points on which the success of Lincoln Electric’s has its foundations. Company’s Basic Principle Lincoln Electric’s foundations are based on values of trust, overt nature to management, self reliance, righteousnessRead MoreLeadership Barriers And Organizational Disconnections Related On The Marketing Of Potentially Unsafe Medical Devices7821 Words   |  32 PagesThe literature search strategy focused on leadership barriers and organizational disconnections related to the marketing of potentially unsafe medical devices. Many qualitative studies were found in the NCU ProQuest, EBSCOhost databases, and Dissertation resources on organizational barriers and disconnection. The starting point of the literature review is the theory of quality management and the subsequent emergence of quality-related standards and regulations. Information sources for the proposed

Admissions for dental hygine Free Essays

One book that has greatly influenced my philosophy in life is the Autobiography of Malcolm X: As told to Alex Haley.   I feel that this book has changed my perspective on a lot of things in life, particularly on the value of education.   Malcolm X, while known as a great spokesperson and an influential historical figure, battled against all odds to become the great person that he is today. We will write a custom essay sample on Admissions for dental hygine or any similar topic only for you Order Now The sacrifices that he made in order to make the world a better place to live in are greatly appreciated by today’s society.   All of that, he accomplished because he was able to educate himself in his later years. I was at one of the lowest points of my life and everything seemed so bleak.   I had given up on a lot of things in my life and was about to give up my schooling and pursue an alternative career instead.   I realized that Malcolm X was right. There is so much more that one can learn in life and there is no limit to what one can be as long as one approaches things with an open mind and an eager attitude.   It was this same thinking that led me to pursue my education and the same thinking that brought me to the challenges that I soon had to face. The pursuit of education has never been easy for me.   Having decided that I was going to pursue my education, I had to come to grips with reality and face the responsibilities and challenges of studying.   Places, histories and events were usually destinations for Malcolm X as he read almost every book that he could find. For him, his homemade education had changed his life and he was certain that it could change the lives of others as well.   â€Å"I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life.†Ã‚   This is what has inspired me in the pursuit of my career and my education. Having been working as a Dental Assistant for the past 4  ½ years, I have come to realize realize that as the world continues to change and the workplace becomes more and more challenging and competitive, it becomes imperative for anyone looking for a successful career to not only have the drive to succeed but also the training and expertise to do so. I am not saying that I do not have the training and expertise at the moment but I do believe that there is still room for more.   The rich and diverse academic community at (insert name of school) will definitely be the perfect place for me to learn and be prepared for the challenges that lie ahead. That is why I believe that this course is a crucial step for me.   My success and my accomplishments here will herald the beginning of the fulfillment of my personal and professional goals.   It is said that the one thing that nobody can ever take away from you is your education and that is the one thing that I plan to not only gain for myself but for others as well. Perhaps, one of the most influential events in my life that have pointed me in the direction of Dentistry is my passion for Dental Hygiene.   As such, this has prompted me to continue my studies in this field and eventually enter professional school and pursue a career as a dentist.   I feel that my direction in this course also has to do with my character and my strengths. My most important character strength, in my opinion, is my ability to adapt, accept and learn.   My drive to succeed has been fueled by the experienced that I had early on in life.   Growing up without many benefits in life, I was inspired by the perseverance and dedication that my parents showed.   This provided me with a closer view of what I need to accomplish at an academic level before venturing into private practice of my own, particularly in this highly competitive field. Pursuing my career in Dental Hygiene is just the first step in my plan.  Ã‚   I would like to have the opportunity to take a bigger role in making the world a better place to live.   My main philosophy in life is to lead by setting an example. I cannot expect others to do what I myself would be willing to do but that does not mean that I cannot hope that others will see the example that I have shown them. This philosophy is one of the many forces that drive me to pursue my dream of pursuing this career and of becoming so much more in life.   The chance to help those who are less fortunate in life, the chance to help people like myself, the opportunity to be of service to humanity; these are the reasons why I have selected this as the profession that I will pursue; for, as Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  How to cite Admissions for dental hygine, Essays

The Case of a Nigerian Bus Company

Question: Describe about the Case Study of a Nigerian Bus Company? Answer: Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction According to Dysvik and Kuvaas (2010) employee motivation is a way of directing the employees in the positive direction for the better productivity as well as better efficiency in the workplace. It is essential to provide motivation to the employees since, it helps them to build up their morals and dignity that further assist them to work productively. Fernandez and Pitts (2011) had an opinion that motivation of the employees is a key to improve the performance. This research proposal will be dealing with the improvement of employee motivation in ABC Transport Plc which is a Nigerian bus company. 1.2 Research Aim This research proposal aims in improvement of the employees effectiveness and efficiency in their work. This can be done through positive motivation among the workforce. This proposal will be discussing the ways that the employees will be motivated for higher productivity in their work. 1.3 Background of the research In this highly spirited service industry each and every company are working hard to retain the customers as well as provide maximum satisfaction to the customers. For that the employees need to be retained as they are the persons who are providing the customers the satisfaction with their services. The researcher will be doing a vivid explanation regarding the research aim that describes the necessity and requirement of employee motivation. Along with this, the ways of motivating the employees are also discussed for the ease of the reader. 1.4 Background of the company ABC Transport Plc came into existence in 1993 that provides luxury bus services for road transportation. The company was so made in order to provide services to the travelers who are using this service as a substitute of air service. It operates both inside as well as outside Nigeria and the trademark of the company is Reindeer. 1.5 Research Objectives To understand the necessity of motivation in the workplace To analyze and discuss the ways of motivation in order to improve the productivity of the employees To understand how motivation affects the workplace culture 1.6 Research Problems With the expansion of the service industry, the companies sometimes carelessly overlook the employee satisfaction. This is because; the employees are the integral part of the organization and it is necessary for the company to motivate the employees for retaining them as well as increasing their effectiveness and efficiency. It is seen now days that the employees are unsatisfied either due to extreme customers pressure or due to companys norms. So, the organization apart from pressurizing them to work also needs to motivate them for good working environment or culture. 1.7 Research Questions What in your opinion is the main reason behind employee motivation? What according to your view motivation helps in employee retention and increase in employee satisfaction? What according to your views the ways of increasing motivation among employees and improving the working culture in the workplace? 1.8 Research Structure 1st Chapter: Introduction- This subdivision will be disusing on the employee motivation, research objectives, research questions, problem statement, background of the research as well as background of the company. 2nd Chapter: Literature Review- This section deals with the requirement of motivating the employees and the ways of motivating them. Moreover, it also discussed about how the motivation of employees increase productivity, efficiency as well as a positive working culture that is the benefits of motivating the employees. 3rd Chapter: Research Methodology- This section will be focusing on the research work conducted by the researcher by taking into account the research design and research approach. Moreover, the data collection methods will also be discussed that will assist the researcher in gaining an in-depth knowledge regarding this topic. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Graves and Luciano (2010) commented on the fact that the success of a company lies in the whole hearted participation of the employees in the workplace. The employees being a fundamental part within an organization need to be motivated in the positive direction for better results. Even this helps in employee satisfaction, retention, building a good culture within the organization along with success. According to Plantinga et al. (2009) there are several ways in employee motivation that need to be recognized by the organization and motivate them accordingly for higher achievements of the company. This section will be dealing with the essentiality of employee motivation, techniques used for motivating the employees and their benefits. 2.2 Employee Motivation and its requirement Korzynski (2013) had an opinion that as the employees is the important part of the organization, so motivation of the employees is essential in order to retain them and inspire them to be more productive in nature. This is also to be remembered that motivating the employees is an important key for improving the performance. Cadwallader et al. (2009) had a view regarding this that the organization always aims at reducing the gaps between the works and it can be done through proper co-ordination and co-operation. This can be done through motivating the employees so that they will co-ordinate with other employees thereby reducing the gaps and enhancing the productivity. In addition this, Facer et al. (2014) had commented that the motivation is required within an organization in order to charge ups the employees in the positive way for achieving the goals. An employee also gets motivated by learning about new things. Motivation is essential within an organization to use the resources and raw materials to the maximum extent and within the stipulated time. Apart from this, according to the opinion of Manolopoulos (2007) the employees also get bored while doing the same thing daily so, for uplifting their spirits, the organization need to motivate them. 2.3 Ways to motivate the employees Eskildsen et al. (2004) commented on the fact that as the employees work for the organization, it is the responsibility of the organization to look after the interests of the employees. For that reason, motivation of the employes is essential. There are several techniques that the organization has adopted for motivating the employees for a higher productivity and for satisfying the employees are discussed below- Creation of friendly working atmosphere- Zhang and Bartol (2010) had commented that the organization needs to create a good office culture as well as atmosphere within the organization. This is because, most of the time in a day the employees spend their time in office. So, necessarily the organization needs to create a friendly environment. For that, according to Safiullah (2014) good spaces within the organization need to be given, temperature also need to be kept moderate, the chairs and rooms need to relaxing and fresh for providing inspiration to work more. Fair salary and incentive Structure- Each and every employee wants a fair salary and a fair incentive structure for the delivery of their services. Zafar et al. (2014) had an opinion that it is the responsibility of the HR department to maintain a good salary structure as per employment rules. The fair salary system will make the employees feel that they have a secured culture over there and they start believing and trusting on the company. According to Subrahmanian and Abhilasha (2014) the employees trust can also be enhanced through timely salary and through fairly incentives. More the employees will be having trust and belief on the organization; the more they will be motivated to work effectively and efficiently with higher productivity. Rewards and recognition- According to the human psychology, people love to get rewards and recognition for the work they are performing. Shultz (2013) had commented that it is sign of higher prestige to the employees as they feel proud to receive rewards as well as recognition from the seniors. From the opinion of Tracy (2013) this makes the employees feel proud as well as they feel like their contribution to the organization is bringing colors to the organization. This also helps in recognition of the efforts of the employees and this motivates the employees to the maximum extent. Moreover, according to Fargus (2000) this can also be done through effective communication of the employees achievement within the workplace. Emails, updates, etc. all can be sent to the employees that will increase their spirit of work. Good working conditions and maintaining hygiene factors- Whiteley (2002) commented on the fact that for satisfying the employees, the good working conditions as well as hygiene is maintained. The better the employees will be having a feeling of safety in the workplace, the more the employees will be motivated in working in the safe environment. According to Zhang and Bartol (2010) the employees having a feeling of safety can be freer to work in the organization. It works like a miracle if the employees see that the working environment is quite soothing rather than monotonous and boring. Training systems- In the organization, frequent trainings need to be given that helps in brushing up the knowledge and skills of the employees occasionally. From the opinion of Korzynski, (2013) trainings help in communication of the necessary changes that are made within the organization and upgrading the skills of the employees. This motivates the employees to the maxi um extent in gaining more knowledge from the training sessions and using it for further growth. Enhancing good relationship within the workplace- Another major technique to motivate the employees is enhancing the relationship of the employees. For that frequent get together and parties need to be held where employees have the place to interact with each other. According to Shultz (2013) the more the employees will be interacting with each other, the better will be the relationship and hence the better will be the employee retention. More the employees will be retained, the more the employees will be working productively and better will be the efficiency. In addition to this, Zafar et al. (2014) also commented that social events need to be organized where it will facilitate the interaction between the co-workers and employees. This will motivate the employees to a great extent and also will help in making the work more productive and methodical that will improve employee retention. 2.4 Benefits of employee motivation Employee motivation is essential within each and every organization that wants to sore high up in the competitive business environment. Zhang and Bartol (2010) commented on the fact that employee motivation is essential in order to increase the productivity as well as increase the revenue of the organization. There are several benefits regarding the employee motivation that is discussed below- Increases the level of trust as well as commitment - It is commented by Safiullah (2014) that more the employees will be motivated, the better the level of commitment will be. A good and an effective communication help in improving the level of trust and commitment within the organization among the employees. According to Manolopoulos (2007) through motivation, trust is increased that also helps in motivating the employees to the maximum extent. The more the employees will be relying on other employees; the better will be the level of communication and commitment towards the work. It is the responsibility of the organization to see the commitment and trust among each other. Increase the communication- According to Tan and Abu Mansor (2014) motivation also helps in increasing the communication between the employees as well as it proves to be a benefit to the employees. The better the communication will be the better will be the working culture since this reduces the misunderstanding to a great extent. Improving the quality of work as well as generation of new ideas- Shultz (2013) commented on the fact that motivation improves the quality of work among the employees through a good co-ordination. Apart from this, this also helps in generation of new ideas as the employees are motivated and they improve both the quality of work as well as enhances the idea generation. 2.5 Conclusion This section deals with the benefits of the requirement of motivation among the employees, the different techniques such as effective communication, training, rewards and recognition etc, are also discussed. Apart from this, the benefits of motivating the employees such as increasing the communication, improving the working quality as well as increasing the trust all is discussed vividly. Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction Tracy (2013) commented on the fact that research methodology is a process that assists the employees in carrying out the work methodically. This is the blueprint that depicts how to conduct the research work. This section deals with the research approach, research design, and data collection methods that the researcher has adopted for the conduction of the research. 3.2 Research Approach According to Whiteley (2002) research approach helps in a vivid analysis of the collected data. The researcher has adopted deductive approach that moves from a much broader aspect to a specific aspect. This assists the researcher in drawing the conclusions from the available facts. 3.3 Research Design Fargus (2000) commented on the fact that the researcher has adopted descriptive research design that helps in exploring the topic in a whole structure. It contains the data analysis as well as surveys that contain the facts as well as findings of the researcher. 3.4 Data Collection Methods Based on the opinion of Tan and Abu Mansor (2014) the data are so collected by using both primary and secondary sources. The primary data are collected through questionnaires to the employees and managers. The secondary sources are the books, journals and websites that assist the researcher in accomplishment of the research work. 3.5 Summary The section discussed about the descriptive research design and deductive research approach. Moreover, the data methods that are used are both primary and secondary methods. References Fargus, P. (2000). Measuring and improving employee motivation. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Tracy, B. (2013). Motivation. New York: AMACOM, American Management Association. Whiteley, P. (2002). Motivation. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Cadwallader, S., Jarvis, C., Bitner, M. and Ostrom, A. (2009). Frontline employee motivation to participate in service innovation implementation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(2), pp.251-251. Dysvik, A. and Kuvaas, B. (2010). Exploring the relative and combined influence of mastery approach goals and work intrinsic motivation on employee turnover intention. Personnel Review, 39(5), pp.622-638. Eskildsen, J., Kristensen, K. and Westlund, A. (2004). Work motivation and job satisfaction in the Nordic countries. Employee Relations, 26(2), pp.122-136. Facer, Jr., D., Galloway, F., Inoue, N. and Zigarmi, D. (2014). Creation and Initial Validation of the Motivation Beliefs Inventory Measuring Leaders Beliefs about Employee Motivation Using Four Motivation Theories. JBAR, 3(1). Fernandez, S. and Pitts, D. (2011). Understanding Employee Motivation to Innovate: Evidence from Front Line Employees in United States Federal Agencies. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 70(2), pp.202-222. Graves, L. And Luciano, M. (2010). Effects Of Lmx On Employee Attitudes: The Role Of Need Satisfaction And Autonomous Motivation. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2010(1), pp.1-6. Korzynski, P. (2013). Employee motivation in new working environment. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(5), pp.184-188. Manolopoulos, D. (2007). An evaluation of employee motivation in the extended public sector in Greece. Employee Relations, 30(1), pp.63-85. Plantinga, M., Plantenga, J. and Siegers, J. (2009). The Relation Between Market Forces and Employee Motivation: Consequences of the Introduction of Market Forces in the Dutch Childcare Sector. European Sociological Review, 26(4), pp.401-414. Safiullah, A. (2014). Impact of Rewards on Employee Motivation of the Telecommunication Industry of Bangladesh: An Empirical Study. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(12), pp.22-30. Shultz, T. (2013). Evaluating Moral Issues in Motivation Theories: Lessons from Marketing and Advertising Practices. Employ Respons Rights J, 26(1), pp.1-20. Subrahmanian, M. and Abhilasha, N. (2014). Employee Motivation in Airports Authority of India. ANVESHAK-International Journal of Management, 3(1), p.140. Tan, Y. and Abu Mansor, N. (2014). Role of OCB and demographic factors in the relationship of motivation and employee performance. Intangible Capital, 10(3). Zafar, N., Ishaq, S., Shoukat, S. and Rizwan, M. (2014). Determinants of Employee Motivation and its impact on Knowledge Transfer and Job Satisfaction. ijhrs, 4(3), p.50. Zhang, X. and Bartol, K. (2010). Linking Empowering Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Influence of Psychological Empowerment, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creative Process Engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), pp.107-128.

Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Roman Catholic Religion In Modern Soci

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Roman Catholic Religion in Modern Society The Christian religion, like all other religions has its strengths and weaknesses in our modern society. Perhaps the strengths out weight the weaknesses as this is one of the largest religions in the world. Hundreds of people follow the Catholic/Christian religion yet still a greater number follow yet other religions. Perhaps this is because they see the weaknesses or perhaps it is simply because their parents have taught them that it is a sin to follow this religion. The Christian religions do however present much more of an appealing atmosphere than such other religions which are as large as the Christian. The Christian religion is one of few religions where punishments for sins are not severe. In the Christian religion, even if you have lived a life of sin, so long as you repent in the end, you will be saved and given eternal life. This is not so in other religions. Such religions as Hinduism for instance do not believe this. For everything you do wrong you will be punished. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, if not in this life, then the next. Hindu's also believe that punishing the body is part of the path to salvation. Christianity is nothing like this. Many Christians live in high?class society. Christianity is one of the most appealing in that any sins may easily be corrected and that Christians may live comfortable, if not wealthy lives without guilt. Christianity, like other religions though, has many weaknesses. Although as time goes on, Christianity is slowly evolving and trying to become even more appealing to society, there are still many downfalls. One thing with Christianity is that from day one we are given a guilt trip. We are born evil. We are born with "the original sin". We are at the mercy of God. If we beg forgiveness however, it shall be granted. My grandmother for instance has been a firm believer in the Roman Catholic faith. She, being taught in the old style, firmly believes in going to confession weekly and begging for forgiveness. It has been taught to her that man is born evil. All we can do is pray, beg and hope for forgiveness. With such a guilt upon his sub?conscience, man can never be truly happy. Yet another strength with the Christian faith is that it is one of the more flexible religions. Under the leadership of the pope(s), the Catholic faith has evolved with modern society and become a more "reasonable" faith. Such practices as not eating meat on Fridays, and so forth, have been abolished as the Christian faith has bent to conform with modern society. Some people may see this as a weakness. This is not so. The Christian religion has modified its rituals yet the central beliefs have not been altered since the very beginning of this religion. This is actually quite a good thing. A religion should change as the modern society does and conform to a more "acceptable" approach to continue its teachings/practices. This is one great thing about the Christian faith. A small, often overlooked draw back to the Christian faith is that there is not any solid proof that Jesus existed. To the Christian faith, Jesus is the central figure. A Christian will tell you that the Bible is proof that Jesus existed. The Bible however was written much later, after Jesus' death. Therefore the stories contained have been transferred by word of mouth, which has certainly been distorted and exaggerated. The Shroud of Turin used to be the Christian religion's artifact which was believed to be the original shroud that Jesus was wrapped in when he was buried and therefore solid proof he existed. Recently due to modern carbon dating, this "artifact" has been proven to have been created with paint approximately one thousand years after the day Christ died. To a non?believer, this is a major drawback. One very strong point about the Catholic/Christian religion is that they strongly believe in correcting our corrupted world. Many missionaries are sent yearly to third world countries where they help educate, feed and provide moral support for a people who have nothing. With such a practice in place, the Christian religion has put a smile on faces which normally would never know anything more than tears. Probably one of the greatest features of the Christian church which helps it survive in modern society is the hierarchy system upon which this religion is based. Such strong organization structure

Things I Am Thankful for Essays

Things I Am Thankful for Essays Things I Am Thankful for Essay Things I Am Thankful for Essay â€Å"Things I Am Thankful For† The things I am thankful for are not things that can be bought but things that are earned. One of the things I am thankful for are my parents because without them I would not be where I am today. My thanks build off of being able to say yes I did this and that but I agree with many opportunities given to me as I pass many obstacles. Another thing I am thankful for are my abilities to listen, learn, and accomplish. I also use my abilities to their highest potential which are my abilities to play the saxophone, my abilities to focus on my engineering and my work. I am truly thankful to be able to wake up every morning knowing I have people depending on me to do my best and to never give up. Mainly life was given to me from two wonderful people to have a chance to show what I can do from start to finish and I am thankful for that reason. I must thank many people for guiding me through life but to also acknowledge the people who told me right from wrong. Even though I have accomplished many things I always thank God for bringing me obstacles that are hard but also easy. If you know the way through a knowing of yourself to realize who you are and to also be yourself whenever you want to make yourself comfortable. I thank my family for showing where I am from and who we are to others in life. The main reason for me to thank myself is to know that I have been told how to use what is earned in my own ways from friends and family. I was always taught to be the best at everything I did to be successful in my own way. As everyday passes I think to myself where would I be without family and friends. And it came to me that if I was not here in life I would never be able to achieve such ability to know the world or life as it is today. As of today I thank my brother, my mom, my father, and everyone else that has helped me.

Analyzing The Origin Of The Taliban, A Political Outfit Of The Sunni Islamic Extremists

Analyzing The Origin Of The Taliban, A Political Outfit Of The Sunni Islamic Extremists Terrorism is an incredibly hard word to define. Due to its largely elusive nature, the definition of terrorism is constantly evolving and changing over time, as are the forms and methods it manifests itself in. The dictionary definition of terrorism is â€Å"the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. This definition is by no means inaccurate, and encompasses the intrinsic characteristics of terrorism. I believe, however, that this definition excludes important facets of terrorism as we know it today, such as the use of fear and terror as a mechanism to achieve its goals. In addition to this, I think that the dictionary definition neglects to mention that terrorism often focuses on the pursuit of radical religious and social reforms, not solely political aims. I would define terrorism as: The use of violence and coercion by a unified group in order to instill fear and terror amongst its victims so that they are forced into submission, allowing the group in question to achieve its radical, political, religious, and/or social aims. Today I am choosing to write about The Taliban, an organization of great notoriety and infamy. An extremist offshoot of the Mujahedeen, guerilla warriors that primarily opposed the Soviets during the Soviet- Afghan war, The Taliban is an Islamic fundamentalist. The Taliban were founded on October 10th 1995 in Afghanistan. Due to the extreme political and social turmoil the country was experiencing at the time, the Taliban were able to rise to power quickly and efficiently. Afghanistan had never been able to establish more than a puppet government after the Soviets withdrew from their country, aiding the Taliban further in their near effortless rise to power. Afghanistan had once been ruled by a constitutional monarchy, and under this government the country had been stable and prosperous. Afghanistan had been making great strides towards modernization since its founding in 1926, and economic prosperity within the country allowed many to thrive. In 1973, however, Afghanistan’s king, Zahir Khan, was overthrown in a coup d’etat by his cousin Daoud Khan. The coup was performed in retaliation to the King’s new agenda which prevented relatives of the King from holding cabinet positions, and former King Zahir Khan, who had been in Italy receiving surgery at the time of the coup, was exiled there. Afghani citizens assumed that Daoud Khan would name himself the new king of Afghanistan, but instead he appointed himself as president of the republic he was to establish. Daoud ruled until 1978 as a centrist, moderate president, but was overthrown by a left-wing, communist militant group. The democracy was destroyed and the power was then spilt into 2 communist parties that ruled over the tumultuous country. The new government was wildly unpopular amongst Afghan citizens, but forged close ties with the Soviet Union, at that time the largest communist power in the world. The communist parties, with the support of the USSR, implemented extensive social reforms, and prevented all efforts of domestic opposition through violence. 27,000 political prisoners were executed during this reign. The communist rule was bitterly resented by the devoutly Muslim and largely anticommunist population. Despite government efforts to suppress any form of retaliation, a group of guerilla warriors colloquially known as â€Å"holy warriors† or â€Å"freedom fighters† began opposing the communist regime. Formally known as The Mujahedeen, this militant group gained the support and funding of the United States due to their ardent opposition to the communist regime that had taken over the country. Largely due to American support, the USSR soon recognized the Mujahedeen as a forceful threat to the communist presence in Afghanistan. Subsequently, Afghanistan was invaded in December 1979 by the Soviet 40th Army to support the communists and oppose the Mujahedeen. The Afghan communist faction was appointed a Soviet leader to oversee their actions, and the faction quickly grew to over 100,000 soldiers. Soviet forces tried to quell efforts of the Mujahedeen through bombings, executions and the torture of prisoners, but these methods only angered the population and fueled the resista nce. In a world torn by the Red Scare, The Mujahedeen gained the support of many anti-communist world powers in their fight against the communist superpower that was the USSR. Their guerilla tactics ultimately forced the Soviets out of Afghanistan, and the soviets withdrew after 9 years in Afghanistan. The Mujahedeen, however, was never successful in establishing a functional government, and 7 years later in 1996, the Taliban took over. The Taliban acted as the official government of Afghanistan from 1996-2001, when the American military in conjunction with Afghan opposition forces ousted them as a governmental force, and the Taliban became an insurgent force within the region. The Taliban formed their ideology as a radical and fundamentalist combination of Islamic law and Pashtun tribal codes. Under this extremist interpretation, the Taliban outlawed many practiced and activities formerly considered lawful and routine to Islam life, such pork, almost all forms of consumer technology, female sport, alcohol, kite-flying, television, music, internet, and art forms such as paintings or photography. In addition to these parameters, men were also forbidden from shaving facial hair and required to wear a head covering, and were subjected to beatings if they did not abide by this requirement. Afghan sports stadiums became routine venues for public executions and punishments. Girls were forbidden from going to school and women were forbidden from working outside of their houses. In addition to this, women ran the risk of being beaten or killed if they left their house without being accompanied by a male relative, or having their finger cut off if it’s nail w as decorated with nail polish. Because of their combined Islam and Pashtun ideologies, many practices of the Qu’ran were violated under Taliban rule, resulting in widespread religious disapproval. The Taliban have been extremely successful in achieving their goals in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Their presence and influence have dominated civilian lifestyle and national government to an extreme extent. So extreme, that they have faced large opposition and intervention from western forces such as the United States military. Following the Taliban’s attacks on US soil on September 11th, 2001, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates cut diplomatic ties with the Taliban, which had formerly been recognized as a legitimate government in these countries. The Taliban also offered asylum and support to the even more extremist offshoot group, al-Qaeda, and their leader Osama bin Laden, who had fought in the Mujahedeen and provided financial support to the Taliban. The Security Council of the United Nations intervened in this relationship in 1999, when they demanded that the Taliban hand over bin Laden for trial and cease their support for terrorism. The Taliban, however, did not re spond to this international cry for justice, but instead continued terrorist activities, primarily in Afghanistan, and refused to hand over Bin Laden. Today, the Taliban is ruled by Mullah Akhtar Mansour, and is a largely Pashtun (as opposed to Hazara, the other ethnic group of Afghanistan) movement. They operate prominently in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but their influence and presence is widespread across the Middle East. The Taliban still exist as a magnum force in many Middle Eastern countries. Although Bin Laden was assassinated by US forces, the organization is still in action. Currently, however, the Taliban is facing not only opposition from the vast majority of the western world, but also from the relatively new terrorist group, ISIS, which has risen to great prominence in recent years.

Natural resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Natural resources - Essay Example The world is faces with a challenge to guarantee the lasting utilization of natural resources at the lowest possible environmental cost while still assuring economic and social development. Natural Resources & Environment (NRE) is a broad emphasis area with major impact on the quality of our world. NRE programs strengthen the nation's capacity to address critical environmental priorities and contribute to improved air, soil, and water quality; fish and wildlife management; enhanced aquatic and other ecosystems; the sustainable use and management of forests, rangelands, watersheds, and other renewable natural resources; and a better understanding of global climate change, including its impact on the diversity of plant and animal life. These programs also demonstrate the benefits and opportunities of sustainable development, and contribute to the economic viability of agriculture and rural communities and realizing the impact of environmental policies and regulations. The sustainability of natural resources immensely depends on the use and management decisions of individual private landowners, who have a collective control over more than two-thirds of the nation's land and water resources. As agriculture is no longer the largest element in the economic base of most rural communities, natural resource wealth and income opportunities are becoming more important to farmers, ranchers, other landowners, and communities. Pressures on land and natural resource use are becoming more and more competing and conflicting.. Public demand keeps growing for natural resource products, services, and improved environmental quality. On the other hand, changing demographics and social values bring new challenges. Urbanization has serious impacts on ecosystem structure and function and they are becoming increasingly fragmented for the production of food and forest products. The goal should aim at discovering new, improved ways to use and manage natural resources and educational programs that teach best management practices will enhance environmental and economic benefits, as well as human well-being. These are critical ecological strategies are investments for our future Outline a process by which you could determine primary gross and net productivity, use data to support your process. The term "Production" implies to the creation of new organic matter. When a plant grows, new organic matter is created by the process of photosynthesis, which converts light energy into energy stored in chemical bonds within plant tissue. This energy fuels the metabolic machinery of the plant. New compounds and structures are synthesized, cells divide, and the plant grows in size. When we attempt to measure the rate at which photosynthesis occurs, or the rate at which the individual plant increases in mass, we are concerned with primary production (definition: the synthesis and storage of organic molecules during the growth and reproduction of photosynthetic organisms). * Gross Primary Production, GPP, is the total amount of CO2 that is fixed by the plant in photosynthesis. * Respiration, R, is the amount of CO2 that is lost from an organism or system from metabolic activity. Respiration can be further divided into components that reflect the source of the CO2. Rp =Respiration by Plants Rh = Respiration by Heterotrophs Rd = Respiration by

Social Darwinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Darwinism - Essay Example â€Å"Social Darwinism† is a term used to refer to the application of ideas and concepts applied to the social world which are allegedly derived from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution (Leonard, 2009). There is much controversy surrounding Social Darwinism, its historical significance, its usage and applicability and most importantly its association with some of the known social scientist in history such as Darwin and Spencer. The debate around the definition of the term has in most cases revolved around whether or not Social Darwinism came out of the works of Darwin and other theorists that wrote about the role of biology to explain the social hierarchies present during that era, as Europe, America and other continents witnessed the aftermath of industrialization. There are basically two types of approaches to the definition of the term that have been put forward to explain the different approaches theorists have taken in order to explain the term (Crook, 1996). The â€Å"generalist† approach basically refers to Social Darwinism as the analysis of social inequality by the help of evolutionary and developmental ideas using Darwinian terminologies such as â€Å"survival of the fittest† but not explicitly relying on the original works of Darwin (Weiler). The second type known as the â€Å"restrictionist† approach in contrast, argues that a mere use of phrases that represent the work of a theorist such as â€Å"survival of fittest† does not define the theorist as a Social Darwinist (Weiler). According to the broad definition, the theory came to denote racism, imperialism and capitalism during what came to be known as the Gilded Age where, whilst the poor suffered the consequences of Industrialization in the American society, those that owned the factories and benefited from the wealth they were acquiring, although fewer in number, used Social Darwinism to justify why such notions as â€Å"survival of the fittest† put forward by Darwin and Spencer made it logical for only those that were biologically gifted or a so called â€Å"superior race† to be market leaders and worthy of acquiring the most wealth and superior positions in politics (Hodgson 2004). There is also debate on when the term was first used and while the works of theorists like Hofstadter gave a strict definition of who the Social Darwinist are, others such as Hodgson have argued that these theorists present as facts what are basically just labels (Hodgson 2004). The history of the term is a controversial issue. While some say that the term was first used in the late 1800s and was associated with known social theorists like Spencer and Sumner (Wieler), for example Spencer’s Synthetic Philosophy is one of the first pieces of literature where the term can be traced (Hodgson 2004), others argue that Spencer never used the term Social Darwinism and that he is deemed one of the founders of the theory only based on assoc iations made between the theory and Spencer’s work (Hodgson, 2004). This paper will aim to present a critique of the theory â€Å"Social Darwinism† as presented in the book â€Å"Social Darwinism in American Thought† by Hofstadter that proved to be a very influential piece on the theory. In order to do so I will look at the work of revisionists such as Hodgson and Leonard who

Tony Robbins Use Of Teams Essay Example for Free

Tony Robbins Use Of Teams Essay Tony Robbins use of teams is novel and seeks to enhance leadership potential by a process of self empowerment and team learning. Thus the high potential of individuals is used to empower teams as a whole which in turn improves leadership potential of individuals. Thus a virtuous cycle of team based learning is achieved. This is done by enhancing potential of team members through intense coaching before exposure to the team, rigorous strategy sessions are held with each of them, to increase the faith of members within a team which in turn contributes to team efforts. This technique is most effectively used by Tony Robbins in his program, Date with Destiny to improve leadership. (www.tonyrobbins.com). Date of Destiny is a two stage training program which uses teams for building leadership potential. In the first stage empowerment is achieved by coaching individuals using expert trainers. In the second stage these empowered individuals are formed into teams which through a process of learning from each other further hone up their skills, thereby achieving their true potential. It is seen that team members overwhelmed by the contribution that they make selflessly to the each other partake of the joy of team participation. These experiences are said to be life changing for those striving to be leaders. On the other hand by interaction and leading a team, even those who are good leaders in their own right are particularly benefited by the program, Date with Destiny as they get to learn from leading new teams and are exposed to different experiences in interacting with people in a structured team environment. This is a novel and powerful concept of self learning used by Tony Robbins. References http://www.tonyrobbins.com/solutions/EventsDetail.aspx?ProductID=640

Abortion: A Growing Concern Essays -- essays research papers

Abortion The issue of abortion causes discussions about human interactions where ethics, emotions and law come together. There are many reasons why women decide to have abortions. Whatever the reasons a woman decides to have an abortion, it seems only justified that she should be able to make decisions in regards to her life and body. The decisions that she makes will be beneficial to both the woman and the foetus because it will prevent many problems from occurring in the future. If a woman were to have an unwanted baby, she may neglect or even abuse the child causing the child to go into the care of the government. The government has no valid reason in bringing an unwanted life into the world. Bringing an unwanted child into the world is not helpful to the parents, the child and the government, because if the parents cannot take care of the child, eventually, the government will be responsible for the child. The right to have an abortion is personal and essential to a woman’s life, because having a baby in one’s life causes dramatic changes. Pregnancy and childbirth can prevent women from keeping and getting jobs. When women are pregnant many employers do not want to hire them because when the woman has a baby, the company or employer must still pay her for the time that she is out of work by law. Also, raising a baby and providing for all the needs that a child has is a lot of money, which can create an insufficient income for many women. Another factor that imposes on ...

Career and Philanthropic Work of Magic Johnson

Earvin â€Å"Magic† Johnson is not only amongst the all-time greatest basketball players, but he is also a well-respected philanthropist. This essay discusses his early career, major career achievements, being diagnosed with AIDS, and philanthropic work. Magic Johnson’s glorious basketball career began as a student at the Michigan State University. He led the team to a National Championship title in 1979. Johnson’s skill qualified him to play at the National Basketball Association (NBA). While playing with the Lakers, the team won five NBA championships and participated in nine NBA finals. He was honored by being named the NBA Most Valuable Player three times. Johnson also played on the U. S. A. Olympic team that won the gold medal in the year 1992. In 2002, he was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. He was particularly known for his excellent passing skills. Johnson’s match winning performance in the 1980 NBA finals is an integral part of basketball history. He received several honors including being selected as a member of the All-Time team for NBA’s 50th anniversary in 1997 (NBA Encyclopedia). On October 25, 1991, his doctors told Johnson that he had the HIV virus. Says Johnson, â€Å"That was the hardest day of my life. After I got myself off the ground, I decided to have a positive attitude (NBA Legend).† Two weeks later, on November 7, 1991, Johnson announced to the world at a press conference organized by the Lakers about his affliction. At the conference, he said that he would not give up to the disease easily and would battle it. He announced that he would become a spokesman about HIV. As the doctors had advised him not to play basketball any longer, Johnson announced his retirement from basketball. Johnson decided that he would use his fame and his status as an icon for millions of people to educate the youth about HIV. One month after his diagnosis, he started the Magic Johnson Foundation. According to a research conducted by Pollock (426), the revelation of Magic Johnson had changed the attitude of people about AIDS and influenced them to alter their behavior in order to avoid the virus. The foundation has raised millions of dollars to build four modern clinics for people afflicted with AIDS. Free HIV/AIDS testing has been provided to approximately 38,000 people across America through the â€Å"I Stand with Magic† program. The foundation has helped nearly 280,000 people understand the risk factors of contacting HIV. The foundation also provides educational and medical help to children and young adults. The foundation has opened 20 Community Empowerment Centers in underserved communities (Magic Johnson Foundations). When Hurricane Katrina occurred, the foundation partnered with various grocery and drugstores, provided prescriptions and groceries to victims. The renowned basketball player also stated that he would find ways to generate jobs to those who have been displaced by Katrina (Tucker 1). Magic Johnson received the USA Today’s National Hero Award for his contribution to the society through the Magic Johnson Foundation. Magic Johnson is also an active businessman. He runs a company called Magic Johnson Enterprises (MJE). MJE has several businesses in its portfolio, which include Canyon-Johnson Urban Fund, SodexhoMagic, Aetna, and BestBuy, 30 Burger King restaurants, Magic Johnson Theaters, and a dozen sports centers. The company aims to provide products and services to ethnically diverse communities and minorities (Earvin â€Å"Magic† Johnson Biography). Even after 17 years of being diagnosed with HIV, he has not developed AIDS. Magic Johnson can be called a self-made success story and a great sportsman and social worker who has selflessly used his iconic status to help countless people lead a better life. Work Cited About the Foundation. Magic Johnson Foundation. 10 May 2008 http://mje001.pieheadproductions.com/index.php?/foundation/aboutthefoundation/accomplishments/. Earvin â€Å"Magic† Johnson Biography. Magic Johnson Foundation. 12 May 2008 http://mje001.pieheadproductions.com/index.php?/enterprises/ourteam/leadership/earvin/ NBA Encyclopedia. NBA Media Ventures. 9 May 2008 http://www.nba.com/history/players/johnsonm_bio.html. NBA legend â€Å"Magic† Johnson delights CU crowd. (February 1998). Cornell Chronicle. 12 May 2008 http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/98/2.19.98/Magic.html Pollock III, Philip H. â€Å"Issues, values, and critical moments: Did `Magic' Johnson transform public opinion on AIDS?† American Journal of Political Science 38 (1994): 426. Tucker, Laura. â€Å"Business Hero: Magic Johnson.† 5 May 2008 ;http://www.myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=Magic_05;.

What Is the Immigrants American Dream?

?NANA YAA DWUMAAH ENG 102 B PROPOSAL What Is The Immigrants American Dream? If one is asked the future of this country, it is going to be a long debate and an unending talk about the failures and achievements of America. This is because different people see the same subject in different light. The phrase â€Å"American Dream† has made thousands of people leave their native country boldly in search of all that they deem impossible in their country to be possible here. This is why when asked, what the future of this country holds for its people, it will leave the people divided. Dr. Martin Luther King best defines the American dream when he exquisitely explains the Declaration of Independence. He highlights the fact that the American dream is not for a specific race or religion and that all its benefits, that is a right to life and right to liberty includes all mankind. These majestic words within which lies the American dream is what people everywhere search for in their country. They thirst for this dream, making the American dream a dream for all mankind and not only its natives. This is why America is country of people from so many racial and national backgrounds in search of a dream. Whereas Americans do not see how far this country has come, it takes only the immigrants to have them truly value their country. Being an American, yet growing up in Africa makes this issue very interesting since I can relate to both sides. The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the second sentence of the Declaration of Independence which states that â€Å"all men are created equal†. This statement is also backed by James Truslow Adams interpretation of the American Dream which states that, citizens of every rank should be able to achieve a â€Å"better, richer, and happier life. † Hence there are no exceptions to who can and cannot pursue the American dream. In the American dream, Dr. Martin Luther King states, â€Å"Never before in history of the world have so many national backgrounds assembled together in one nation. And somehow if we can’t solve the problem in America the world can’t solve the problem, because America is the world in miniature and the world is America writ large. And God set us out with all of the opportunities. † He then further states, â€Å"Are we taking this seriously? ‘All men are created equal. ’† (Juchartz 105). This is what I also question. This dream, I feel has been misinterpreted by immigrants, or better still immigrants have been lured at the forefront to hold on to this dream because it states â€Å"All men are created equal,† and perceive themselves as equal citizens of America. In reality, there are so many barriers rooted in the American system including racism, strict immigration laws that have prevented immigrants from sharing in this dream. It should be taken into account that if an individual is not a citizen he or she cannot benefit from what the country has to offer. Though the dream includes all men, race and religion, immigrants or the person outside the white American mainstream are perceived as threats to empire building and remain outsiders. This is what I mean when I retort that, the dream has been misinterpreted across various levels of people in America. I believe that the upper class and the lower class do not have the same benefits from this dream, but have similar notions of what it should be, equality for everyone. Even though some immigrants might have managed to make a better life out of this dream some immigrants living in this country can barely make ends meet just because the American dream no longer provide a hope for a better, richer and happier life. In today terms it is just about living in a western country and experiencing perhaps modernity. It beats my imagination when I think about the forces that drive immigrants to leave their native country in search of this dream sometimes risking their lives, leaving loved ones behind irrespective of the difficulties ahead. Maybe it is just to pursue a better education like myself or to earn money.

ESL Holiday essay Essay Example

ESL Holiday essay Essay Example ESL Holiday essay Essay ESL Holiday essay Essay ESL Holiday essay BY KLtn Essay: Relationships and experiences shape an individuals sense of belonging. To what extent do the texts that you have studied support this idea? Relationship and experiences are two of the most common things in peoples life; they can shape peoples sense of belonging. A sense of belonging is the bond between people or something. Relationship like the brotherhood between brothers can form a strong sense of belonging between them. Experience such as life experience or Just a talk with someone can also shape peoples sense of belonging to something. Both of them ake place to such a great extent that happens to anyone, which can be seen from the film Billy Elliot by Stephen Daldry, the play Educating Rita by Willy Russell and the fiction Enders Game by Orson Scott Card. A sense of belonging between brothers is usually shaped by the brotherhood. In the orientation of Enders Game, Ender and his old brother Peter are playing a wrestling game where Peter obviously dominates Ender. After he beats Ender down on the floor he puts his toe against Enders groin and puts more and more weight on Ender, Ender can hardly breathe. Then Peter ays l could kill you like this. The emotive verb kill tells us that Peter tends to rule over his younger brother. Peters lack of mercy on Ender shows a bad relationship between the brothers. Similarly, in Billy Elliot, during the orientation of the story, when Tony finds out Billy has played his record, he asks aggressively: you have been playing my record? You little twat. The use of abusive language twat towards his younger brother shows their brotherhood lacking harmony. This is further emphasized as Tony takes Billys book, whacks on Billys head and calls Billy nob- ead However, as the proverb Blood is thicker than water goes, the true brotherhood love between brothers is unbreakable. It may be not that peaceful, but the sense of belonging between them shaped by their brotherhood will last forever. The night after Peter beats Ender, he sneaks to Enders bedroom and kissed him on his forehead and whispered Ender, Im sorry I love you, the comparison between the emotive words kill in the previous and the emotive word love conveys that no matter how unhappy brothers have been, the sense of belonging between them can lways call love back. The same idea is shown in the Billy Elliot when Jackie and Tony go to London to see Billys performance. Through a series of long shots showing Jackie and Tonys movement, Stephen gives us a comparison between the two characters. Jackie moves slowly, whereas Tony is in a hurry all the time. He runs in every single shot, and urges Jackie to hurry up with imperative tone, such as Dad! , Come on! and We are gonna be late. While they are on the escalator, through a high angle shot, both of them are depicted vulnerable in comparison to the big city. Jackie is fully shocked by the magnificence, as we can see he stands still and looks up at the ceiling; however, Tony is not impressed by anything. Although he also hasnt seen the great city before, his sense of belonging to Billy urges him to see Billys performance as early as possible. Relationship, the brotherhood, between the two brothers forms strong sense of belonging between them respectively. The sense of belonging to brothers shaped by their brotherhood is unbreakable as displayed in both texts. Moreover, peoples experience can also shape their sense of belonging. In er life experience. During one of the setbacks, Ms. Wilkinson and Billy are waiting on the bridge. When Ms. Wilkinson tells Billy the story Swan Lake, she is implying a metaphor for her own life. She was once a ballet dancer like the girl who was the princess; she was entrapped in the town like the princess who was turned into a swan; she used to have a strong sense of belonging to ballet but now it is dead, Just like the wrong ending she tells Billy shes dead ts Just a ghost story. Her sense of belonging is dead because of her life experience. Through a long shot at bottom ngle, the composer shows the magnificent steel bridge, which is like a huge cage exerting a massive depression to both characters. Audience can also experience the pressure, from Billys point of view. The bridge is the symbol of the town which entraps both of them. The next shot shows Billy is looking up the bridge like a bird who wants to break the cage, whereas Ms. Wilkinson Just smokes and doesnt even bother looking at anything. This indicates that Billy wants to break the cage and see the outside world, whereas Ms. Wilkinson has lost all motivation to chase her dream nd accepts what she has now. Her sense of belonging to ballet is re-shaped by her life experience in Everington where ballet dance is not valued. While in the play Educating Rita, Ritas sense of belonging to education is shaped through a talk with her mum. During the setbacks of the story in Scene7 Actl, Rita goes to pub with her mother and husband. Her mother explains why she cried: because we could sing better songs than those. The songs are metaphor for life. The use of subjunctive mood clearly shows that Ritas mother is regretting she didnt get educated when she was young. Rita also sees her mother as a mirror for her life, as she says:thats why I came back and thats way Im staying. The use of repetition further stresses that she doesnt want to be the image in the mirror of her mother. She wants to be educated; she wants to sing better songs. Her sense of belonging to education is not only shaped but also strengthened by it. Both characters sense of belonging have been shaped through their personal experience as demonstrated above In conclusion, relationship between people and their experience have such a great impact on peoples sense of belonging that they can shape peoples sense of belonging.

I need a story i experenced but tie in how culture shock played a Essay

I need a story i experenced but tie in how culture shock played a party - Essay Example Yet, everywhere I turned I was faced with a culture very different from my own. As I confronted my anxiety, I began to conquer my fears of an unknown world and found myself participating in and enjoying the rich Bahamian culture. On the surface, the Bahamas appear to be very much like the United States that I had been used to. The native people speak fluent English and have a booming national economy. They have all the most modern conveniences, luxury items, and technologies. Yet, beneath this thin veil of Westernized capitalism lay a fundamentally different culture. The population was a majority black that were descendants of the slaves brought from Africa to work the plantations until slavery was abolished in the early 19th century. The islands have been able to retain many of the African traditions of music, food, and style. The people also have a much less formal style of interaction. In the Bahamas, strangers are treated as if they are lifelong friends. This was far different from what I had been taught in the United States by adages such as 'don't talk to strangers'. Friendly faces and warm smiles frequently approached me, but I would shy away with the fear of not knowing who to trust. As I got used to their style of communication, I soon began to feel as if I was at home. One of my first adventures in the Bahamas was to go to the market to do some shopping. The market was a large open area that had hundreds of vendors selling everything from T-shirts to perfume. I decided to buy one of the unique straw hats that the locals make out of palmetto leaves. I shopped several booths until I found a hat I wanted that was priced at $29. I liked the look and feel of the hat and quickly gave the lady the full price for the hat and wore it proudly as I continued shopping. While I shopped at another vendor, I noticed a man buying a hat very much like mine and similarly priced. However, he paid only $15 for it. I remarked that he got a good deal on the hat and he informed me of the process of 'haggling' over the price. In the Bahamas you never pay full price, you make an offer for what you want to pay. I was uncomfortable with this at first, but soon learned to enjoy the process and shopping became an even more exiting adventure as I bargained for ever lower prices . After hours of shopping and 'haggling' we were all very hungry and found a quaint cafe to get something to eat. Though the surroundings were all very normal and similar to any other restaurant, the menu was as foreign as Morse Code even though it was written in English. I recognized almost nothing on the menu. The Bahamian food is based around the sea and has the influence of African spices and tastes. I was an American teenager who didn't like fish and would prefer salt and pepper to cayenne or cumin. After some due deliberations and a small argument, I ordered a plate of food I could not pronounce. When it came, I was shocked to see that it was fish, laced with fruit, over a bed of what appeared to be garden weeds. I was in shock and almost sick to my stomach from the sight of it. However, I again got control of my anxiety and tried it. To my amazed delight it was delicious. It was like nothing I had ever tasted and was

American Government Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

American Government - Personal Statement Example After the approval of the bill by both the chambers, the bill is sent to the president to be signed by him. President Obama has implemented his agenda and passed many bills to support his agenda. He developed strategic plans for the defense, signed a number of economic acts, signed act to reduce pollution and resolve energy and environmental crises and done almost everything to implement his agenda (The White House, 2010). Still he is unable to fully implement his agenda. Past presidents have done a remarkable work for the development and prosperity of United States. To implement their agenda they worked hard and signed may acts, bills and agreements in favor of the United States (The White House, 2010). Although they were not fully succeeded in implementing their agenda but they succeeded in implementing most of the agenda. Former President Bill Clinton tried to implement his agenda but faced a harsh opposition led by former President Jimmy Carter (The White House,

Coffee Drinking Habits in UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Coffee Drinking Habits in UK - Assignment Example UK's market is predominately penetrated by tea and fruit juices and tea is the third largest non-alcoholic beverage used in the country. However, trends are changing as a new coffee culture is emerging in the country. Most and most consumers now prefer coffee because of the relaxed experience offered by the branded coffee chains. Initially, the trends emerged in the urban areas of the country however, it is picking up in the rural areas also thus the future may provide a much bigger market to cater. It is however, important to note that due to current economic crisis in the country with the possibility of negative growth in 2009, the consumers may reduce their spending on something which can be produced in their own homes too. It is also critical to note that consumers are increasingly becoming ethical in nature and prefer such organizations which offer products and services which are based on the sustainability products. As discussed in the case study that Starbucks leave its water taps open all the time give the whole issue a more ethical dimension and indicate that the future consumer buying patterns may be shift towards having more ethically responsible organizations with an strong sense of conserving the natural resources of the planet. Starbucks is predominately American in taste and it has been strong speculated that the growth can doubled if the taste is tailored according to the European flavor preferred in EU region. Europe, as a region has a very strong tradition of drinking coffee according to their own individual tastes and consumers are certainly missing that element into the coffee cup offered by Starbucks thus the product development trends may be directed towards creating the coffee tastes which suit the European consumers. Significance to Starbucks The market intelligence or market research is critical for the success of the firm because it provides them a larger base of information to decide upon where to invest or not thus market information basically provides insight into as to how to spend their money wisely and the information is used to the maximum benefit of the firm. (Callingham).From a marketing perspective, understanding the market is one the key steps in order to make an entry into the market. Understanding the market therefore provide a deeper insight into the size of the market. Based on this, marketers often tend to segment the same into different niches according to their individual target market based on different factors such as demographics, psychographics etc. As discussed above that almost 20 million people living in UK belong to working class with different levels of incomes earned therefore Starbucks has virtually a market which has 20 million customers to satisfy and with the increase in trends for preferring coffee over the traditional non-alcoholic drinks such as tea and fruit juices, the

Comment Paper on Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comment Paper on Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Miller’s own early life was eerily similar to that of what the reader is made aware of Willy Loman’s life. For instance, Miller grew up in an upper-middle class neighborhood in New York City; the son of Polish Jewish immigrants. Miller’s own father was a successful businessman in a textile mill; which eventually employed 400 individuals. This successful lifestyle enabled the family to enjoy the luxuries of having a new car at a time when cars were still a novelty, attending private schools, and enjoying the occasional vacation. However, the good times would not last as the crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression shattered the family’s bliss. Miller’s father, out of work and out of options sold their home and moved to Gravesend, New York. It was during this time that young Arthur Miller was forced to take a bread route ever morning before school; delivering bread via his bicycle as a means to keep the family afloat. Although it is easy to say that such an experience doubtless had an effect on how Arthur Miller viewed the plight of the average man, this author would go a step further and claim that the hard times and difficult experiences that young Arthur Miller endured during the great depression and his family’s subsequent fall from wealth are autobiographically sketched in his play â€Å"Death of a Salesman†. If one adopts this autobiographical approach to â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, many of the intrinsic lessons and interplay that exists between the family members and Willy Loman help to show the fleeting nature of success and the cold, cruel reality of pervasive failure that crushes the spirit of the entire family. As a means of showing this dichotomy, Willy Loman states, â€Å"Work a lifetime to pay off a house. You finally own it, and there’s nobody to live in it† (Miller 15). Rather than simply relating to the reader how difficult success is to achieve, Miller works to add a nuanced level of understanding which shows that even if success is achieved – what merit does it have in and of itself? The fleeting nature of success as defined by Loman in the above passage profoundly reflects the eventualities that effected Arthur Miller’s own young life with respect to the brief success enjoyed and then snatched away by the Great Depression. Further, strong elements of the Depression Era mentality peak through at various points of Arthur Miller’s play. When speaking with his wife Linda, Willy blurts out, â€Å"Once in my life I’d like to own something that isn’t broken already† (Miller 73). The rage and frustration at being perennially stuck with second best, having to live on the fringes of society, living with inferior products as a result of being poor is seen as a central theme throughout the play. More than merely representing poverty and hardship as the life of a salesman, this form of life alteration to deal wit h the gnawing pangs of poverty shows an author who is all too familiar with such an eventuality. Further, due to the aforementioned fact that Miller himself had to take a bread right prior to school every morning shows the extent to which the author had to sacrifice of himself as a means of helping to keep his own family sheltered, clothed, fed, and warm during a similarly trying time. However, more than being allegorical of the plight of the poor, the author

The Characteristics And Applications Of Manets Computer Science Essay

The Characteristics And Applications Of Manets Computer Science Essay Chapter 1 The advent of ubiquitous computing and the creation of new, powerful, efficient, portable computing devices have focused the importance of mobile and wireless networking. Mobile wireless communications and networking is an emerging technology that allows users to access information and services electronically at any time, regardless of their geographic positions. There are two types of wireless networks: infrastructure based wireless networks and infrastructure-less wireless networks (ad hoc networks). The infrastructure based wireless networks have routers and gateways as stationary components to which mobile nodes within the network connect. Mobile nodes connect to the nearest base station whose communication radius covers the area that the nodes are in. When a mobile node moves out of the coverage area of a base station, it is handed off to a new base station that covers the area that the node is now in. Cellular phone technology is a typical example of an infrastructure network. The second type of wireless network is the ad hoc network. The term ad hoc tends to different forms and can be mobile, stand alone, or networked[1]. A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organized wireless communication short lived network that contains collection of mobile nodes. The mobile nodes communicate with one another by wireless radio links without the use of any pre-established fixed communication network infrastructure or centralized administration, such as base stations or access points, and with no human intervention [2, 3, 5, 6, 7]. Self-organizing means that MANETs have the ability to spontaneously form a network of mobile nodes or hosts, merged together or partitioned into separate networks on-the-fly depending on the networking needs and dynamically handle the joining or leaving of nodes in the network. The major objectives of self organized MANET are: scalability, reliability, and availability. Mobile nodes are low capacity autonomous computing devices that are capable of roaming independently. Because of the fact that nodes are mobile, the network topology changes rapidly and unpredictably over time. Each mobile node acts as both a host and a specialized router to relay information (forward packets) to other mobile nodes. The success of the communication highly depends on the other nodes cooperation. The nodes themselves are responsible for dynamically discovering other nodes to communicate in radio range. Figure 1.1: Heterogeneous Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) Typical MANET nodes are Laptops, PDAs, Pocket PCs, Cellular Phones, Internet Mobil Phones, Palmtops or any other mobile wireless devices. These devices are typically lightweight and battery operated. Figure 1.1 illustrates an example of a heterogeneous MANET and its communication technology which contains one PDA, one pocket PC, one laptop, one mobile phone and one mobile device. Since mobile phone is outside pocket PCs transmission range, the data from pocket PC to mobile phone must be retransmitted by laptop. 1.1.1 Characteristics of MANETs The main characteristics of MANETs are: the complete lack of centralized control, lack of association among nodes, rapid mobility of hosts, frequent dynamically varying network topology, shared broadcast radio channel, insecure operating environment, physical vulnerability and limited availability of resources, such as CPU processing capacity, memory power, battery power, and bandwidth [2, 6, 7, 8]. Dynamic Network Topologies: The nodes in MANETs are free to move independently in any direction. The networks wireless topology may change frequently and randomly at unpredictable times and primarily consists of bidirectional links. Low Bandwidth: These networks have lower capacity and shorter transmission range than fixed infrastructure networks. The throughput of wireless communication is lesser than wired communication because of the effect of the multiple access, fading, noise, and interference conditions. Limited Battery Power: The nodes or hosts operate on small batteries and other exhaustible means of energy. So, energy conservation is the most important design optimization criteria. Decentralized Control: Due to unreliable links, the working of MANET depends upon cooperation of participating nodes. Thus, implementation of any protocol that involves a centralized authority or administrator becomes difficult. Unreliable Communications: The shared-medium nature and unstable channel quality of wireless links may result in high packet-loss rate and re-routing instability, which is a common phenomenon that leads to throughput drops in multi-hop networks. This implies that the security solution in wireless ad hoc networks cannot rely on reliable communication. Weak Physical Protection: MANETs are more prone to physical security threats than fixed-cable nets. Mobile nodes are usually compact, soft and hand-held in nature. Today, portable devices are getting smaller and smaller. They could get damaged or lost or stolen easily and misused by an adversary. The increased possibility of different types of attacks should be carefully considered. Scalability: Due to the limited memory and processing power on mobile devices, the scalability is a key problem when we consider a large network size. Networks of 10,000 or even 100,000 nodes are envisioned, and scalability is one of the major design concerns. 1.1.2 Applications of MANETs There are many applications of MANETs. The domain of applications for MANETs is diverse, ranging from small, static networks that are constrained by power sources to large-scale, mobile, highly dynamic networks. Significant examples include establishing survivable, efficient, dynamic communication for: network-centric military/battlefield environments, emergency/rescue operations, disaster relief operations, intelligent transportation systems, conferences, fault-tolerant mobile sensor grids, smart homes, patient monitoring, environment control, and other security sensitive applications. Most of these applications demand a specific security guarantees and reliable communication [2, 5, 7, 9]. Some well known applications are: Military Tactical Operations: For fast and possibly short term establishment of military communications and troop deployments in hostile and/or unknown environments. Search and Rescue Operations: For communication in areas with little or no wireless infrastructure support. Disaster Relief Operations: For communication in environments where the existing infrastructure is destroyed or left inoperable. Law Enforcement: For secure and fast communication during law enforcement operations. Commercial Use: For enabling communications in exhibitions, conferences and large gatherings. For some business scenarios, the need for collaborative computing might be more important outside office environments than inside a building. After all, it is often the case where people do need to have outside meetings to cooperate and exchange information on a given project. 1.1.3 Routing in MANETs Node mobility has a large impact on the behavior of ad hoc networks. The nodes in the network are free to move independently in any direction to change the routes. Every node in MANET acts as a router that discovers and maintains routes in the network. The nodes themselves are responsible for dynamically discovering other nodes to communicate. When a node wants to communicate with a node outside its transmission range, a multi-hop routing strategy is used which involves some intermediate nodes. The networks wireless topology changes frequently and randomly at unpredictable times. In order to allow truly spontaneous, infrastructure-less networking and efficient end-to-end communication with the network of nodes, a routing protocol is used to discover the optimal routes between the nodes. Hence, the primary challenge is to establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes and to ensure the correct and timely delivery of packets. The routing protocols meant for wired networks cannot be used for MANETs because routing in MANETs is nontrivial due to the highly dynamic nature of the mobile nodes. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. An extensive number of research works on designing the various routing protocols proactive, reactive, and hybrid have been proposed in the literature and widely evaluated for efficient routing of packets [3]. However, they do not address possible threats aiming at the disruption of the protocol itself and often are vulnerable to node misbehavior. A node dropping all the packets is considered as malicious node or selfish nodes. A malicious node misbehaves because it intends to damage network functioning. A selfish node does so because it wants to save battery life for its own communication by simply not participating in the routing protocol or by not executing the packet forwarding. A malicious node could falsely advertise very attractive routes and thereby convince other nodes to route their messages via that malicious node. With the lack of a priori trust between nodes, current ad hoc routing protocols are completely insecure and optimized only to spread routing information quickly as the network changes [4]. 1.1.4 Security in MANETs Security is an essential service for MANET because all network services are configured on-the-fly. When the security of a given MANET architecture is not properly designed from the beginning, it is difficult to achieve the security goals in practical networks during the network deployment [12, 13]. To secure a MANET, one usually considers the objectives confidentiality (privacy), availability, integrity, authenticity and non-repudiation. Confidentiality ensures that secret information in the network is never revealed to unauthorized nodes. i.e. the assurance that data is not disclosed to unauthorized parties. Availability ensures that the requested network services, such as bandwidth and connectivity, are available in a timely manner and service is not denied to authorize users. i.e. the assurance that data is readily accessible. Integrity ensures that message or packet being transferred between nodes is not altered or corrupted. i.e. the assurance that data is genuine. Authentication ensures the correct identity of the peer node it is communicating with. Non-repudiation ensures that the originator of a message cannot falsely deny having sent the message. i.e. the assurance that a node cannot later deny the data was sent by it. Node mobility in a MANET poses many security problems and vulnerable to different types of security attacks than conventional wired and wireless networks due to their open medium, dynamic network topology, absence of central administration, distributed cooperation, constrained capability, and lack of clear line of defense. The unconstrained nature of a wireless medium of MANETs allows the attackers for interception, injection, and interference of communication. Without proper security, mobile hosts are easily captured, compromised and hijacked by malicious nodes. Malicious nodes behavior may deliberately disrupt the network so that the whole network will be suffering from packet losses. Damages include leaking secret information, message contamination and node impersonation. Before MANETs are successfully deployed, security issues must be addressed. Usually, cryptographic techniques are used for secure communications in wired and wireless networks. The method of using security solutions of traditional wired networks is not suitable for providing security in MANETs. The main problem of any public-key based security system is to make each users public key available to others in such a way that its authenticity is verifiable. Conventional security solutions to provide public key management is implemented with public key infrastructure (PKI), in which a trusted third party (TTP) holds the public key certificates of all participating entities and acts as an online certification authority (CA) to provide a public key verification service. MANETs do not provide on-line access to trusted authorities or to centralized servers. Implementing public key management and certificate distribution is more challenging due to the problematic key exchange, session handling , absence of any infrastructure and centralized services, frequent node mobility, wireless link instability, possible network partitions, and configuration of all network services on-the-fly. For these reasons, traditional security solutions that require on-line trusted authorities or certificate repositories are not well suited for securing MANETs. Use of public key cryptography and certificates is one of the effective ways of securing a MANET. The main security problems that need to be dealt with in MANETs are: the secure storage of key/data in the devices; the authentication of devices that wish to communicate to each other; the secure key establishment of a session key among authenticated devices; and the secure routing in multi-hop networks [4]. 1.1.5 Security Attacks in MANETs Security means protecting the privacy (confidentiality), availability, integrity and non-repudiation. Security implies the identification of potential attacks, threats and vulnerability of a certain system from unauthorized access, use, modification or destruction. A security attack is any action that compromises or bypasses the security of information illegally or in an unauthorized way. The attack may alter, release, or deny data [10, 11, 14]. The attacks on the MANETs can be broadly classified into two categories: passive attacks and active attacks as shown in Figure 1.2. Both passive and active attacks can be made on any layer of the network protocol stack [3]. Figure 1.2: Types of security attacks Passive Attacks: A passive attack attempts to retrieve valuable information by listening to traffic channel without proper authorization, but does not affect system resources and the normal functioning of the network. Figure 1.3 shows a schematic description of a passive attacker C, eavesdropping on the communication channel between A and B. Figure 1.3: A passive attack The different types of passive attacks are eavesdropping (information leakage), traffic monitoring, and analysis. Passive attacks are very difficult to detect because they do not involve any alteration of the data. The emphasis in dealing with passive attacks is on prevention rather than detection. One of the solutions to the problem is to use powerful encryption mechanism to encrypt the data being transmitted, thereby making it impossible for the attacker to get useful information from the data overheard. Eavesdropping (information leakage) is a very easy passive attack in the radio transmission environment, where malicious nodes capture all traffic, including routing traffic, and thus obtain routing information. When one sends a message over the wireless medium, an attacker equipped with a suitable transceiver in the radio range of the transmission can intercept and capture all traffic including the sensitive routing information. The sender or the intended receiver has no means of detecting if the transmission has been eavesdropping in the radio transmission by the adversary who do not physically connect to the medium. Traffic monitoring collects information of network nodes such as the identities and locations of nodes and the amount of data transmitted among them. Traffic analysis means that a malicious node analyses all captured/received traffic in order to extract information about the characteristics of transmission, such as, which nodes are communicating frequently or exchange huge amounts of data. This information could be exploited to launch further attacks. Active Attacks: An active attack attempts to alter or destroy system resources and the data being exchanged in the network by injecting or modifying arbitrary packets, thus gain authentication and tries to affect or disrupt the normal functioning of the network services. An active attack involves information interruption, modification, or fabrication. Figure 1.4: An active attack As shown in Figure 1.4, an active attacker C can listen, modify, and inject messages into the communication channel between A and B. Active attacks can be either internal or external [5]. External attacks are carried out by nodes that do not belong to the network. These attacks are launched by adversaries who are not initially authorized to participate in the network operations and access the resources without authorization. External attacks usually aim to cause network congestion, denying access to specific network function or to disrupt the whole network operations. Bogus packets injection, denial of service, and impersonation are some of the attacks that are usually initiated by the external attackers. Internal attacks are from compromised nodes that are part of the network. Compared with external attacks, internal attacks are more serious and hard to detect because the attackers know valuable and secret information from compromised or hijacked nodes and possess privileged access rights to the network resources. Active attacks, whether carried out by an external adversary or an internal compromised node, involves actions such as impersonation (masquerading or spoofing), modification, fabrication and replication. The active attacks are classified into different types: MAC Layer attacks, Network Layer attacks, Transportation Layer attacks, Application Layer attacks and Multi Layer attacks as shown in Figure 1.5. MAC Layer Attacks: Jamming Attack In this form of attack, the adversary initially keeps monitoring the wireless medium in order to determine the frequency at which the receiver node is receiving signals from the sender. It then transmits signals on that frequency so that error free reception at the receiver is hindered [3]. Figure 1.5: Classification of security attacks Network Layer Attacks: Wormhole Attack In this attack, two compromised nodes can communicate with each other by a private network connection. A malicious node captures packets from one location in the network and tunnels these packets to the other malicious node at another location. The second malicious node is then expected to replay the tunneled packets locally. The tunnel between two colluding attackers is referred to as a wormhole. The wormhole can drop packets by short-circuiting the normal flow of routing packets or it can selectively forward packets to avoid detection [15, 16, 17]. Black Hole Attack A black hole attack is a kind of denial of service where a malicious node attracts all packets by falsely claiming (advertising) a shortest path to the destination node whose packets it wants to intercept and then absorb them without forwarding to the destination [15]. i.e. a malicious node falsely advertise itself as having the shortest path to the destination node whose packets it wants to intercept causing all nodes around it to route packets towards it. Sinkhole Attack In a sinkhole attack, the adversarys goal is to attract nearly all the traffic from a particular area through a compromised node, creating a metaphorical sinkhole with the adversary at the center. Because nodes on or near the path that packets follow have many opportunities to tamper with application data [18, 19]. One motivation for mounting a sinkhole attack is that it makes selective forwarding trivial by ensuring that all traffic in the targeted area flows through a compromised node, an adversary can selectively suppress or modify packets originating from any node in the area. Gray Hole Attack A gray hole attack is a variation of the black hole attack, where the malicious node is not initially malicious, it turns malicious sometime later. In this attack, an attacker drops all data packets but it lets control messages to route through it [20, 21]. This selective dropping makes gray hole attacks much more difficult to detect than black hole attack. Byzantine Attack In this attack, a compromised intermediate node or a set of compromised intermediate nodes works in collusion and collectively carries out attacks such as creating routing loops, routing packets on non-optimal paths, and selectively dropping packets. Byzantine failures are hard to detect because throughput of attacker nodes as same as other nodes [22]. Information Disclosure Attack In this, a compromised node attempts to reveal confidential or important information regarding the network topology (the structure of the network), geographic locations of nodes, or optimal routes to unauthorized nodes in the network [7][23]. Resource Consumption Attack In this attack, a malicious node deliberately tries to consume/waste away the resources of other nodes present in the network by requesting excessive route discovery (unnecessary route request control messages), very frequent generation of beacon packets, or by forwarding unnecessary packets (stale information) to that node. The resources that are targeted are battery power, bandwidth, and computational power, which are only limitedly available in MANETs [24, 25]. Man-In-The-Middle Attack In this, the attacker exists as a neighbor to any one node in the routing path and alters data that is being transmitted and injects modified packet into network. i.e. a malicious node impersonates the receiver with respect to the sender, and the sender with respect to the receiver, without having either of them realize that they have been attacked with an intension to read or modify the messages between two parties [12]. Neighbor Attack In this attack, upon receiving a packet, an intermediate node records its ID in the packet before forwarding the packet to the next node. An attacker, however, simply forwards the packet without recording its ID in the packet to make two nodes that are not within the communication range of each other believe that they are neighbors (i.e., one-hop away from each other), resulting in a disrupted route. The goal of neighbor attackers is to disrupt multicast routes by making two nodes that are in fact out of each others communication range believe that they can communicate directly with each other [15]. Routing Attacks In this attack, attackers try to alter the routing information and data in the routing control packet. There are several types of routing attacks, such as routing table overflow attack, routing table poisoning attack, packet replication attack, route cache poisoning attack, and rushing attack, mounted on the routing protocol which are aimed at disrupting the operation of the network [3]. Ã ¢-Â ºRouting Table Overflow Attack In this attack, an adversary node advertises routes to non-existing authorized nodes present in the network. The main objective of such an attack is to cause an overflow of the routing tables, which would, in turn, prevent the creation of entries corresponding to new routes to authorized nodes. Proactive routing protocols are more vulnerable to this attack compared to reactive routing protocols. Ã ¢-Â ºRouting Table Poisoning Attack In this attack, a malicious node sends false routing updates to other uncompromised nodes. Such an attack may result in suboptimal routing, network congestion or even make some part of the network inaccessible. Ã ¢-Â ºPacket Replication Attack In this attack, an adversary node replicates stale packets. This consumes additional bandwidth and battery power resources available to the nodes and also causes unnecessary confusion in the routing process. Ã ¢-Â ºRoute Cache Poisoning Attack This attack occurs when nodes are in the updating mode of their tables route. Information stored in the routing tables deleted, changed, and injected with false information. Ã ¢-Â ºRushing Attack In this case, an adversary can rush some routing packets towards the destination, leading to problems with routing. i.e. an adversary node which receives a route request packet from the source node floods the packet quickly throughout the network before other nodes which also receive the same route request packet can react. On demand routing protocols that use route discovery process are vulnerable to this type of attack [26]. Stealth Attacks Stealth attacks are classified into two classes. The first class of attacks attempts to hi-jack or perform traffic analysis on filtered traffic to and from victim nodes. These attacks are mounted, for example, by the modification of routing information. An attacker can divert traffic by using authentic routing messages to fool honest nodes into disrupting their routing tables. The second class partitions the network and reduces good put by disconnecting victim nodes in several ways. For example, the attacker can route a large amount of data through the victim node. This may totally consume the nodes energy resources or create a perception of unavailability due the large quantities of messages being dropped by the victim. Consequently the node under attack will not be used by neighboring routers and becomes isolated. The methods are referred to as stealth attacks since they minimize the cost of launching the attacks and reduce the visibility of the attacker [27]. Transportation Layer Attacks: Session Hijacking Attack Session hijacking is the major transport layer attack. Here, an adversary takes control over a session between two nodes. Since most authentication processes are carried out only at the start of a session, once the session between two nodes gets established, the adversary node masquerades as one of the end nodes of the session and hijacks the session. Session hijacking occurs on two levels: the network level and application level. Application Layer Attacks: Repudiation Attack Repudiation attack is the main application layer level attack. Repudiation refers to the denial or attempted denial by a node involved in a communication of having participated in all or part of the communication [3]. Non-repudiation is one of the important requirements for a security protocol in any communication network and assures that a node cannot later deny the data was sent by it. Multi Layer Attacks: Multi-layer attacks are those that could occur in any layer of the network protocol stack. Denial of service, impersonation or sybil attack, manipulation of network traffic, device tampering, jellifish attack and eclipse attack are some of the common multi-layer attacks. Denial of Service Attack In this attack, an adversary always attempts to prevent legitimate and authorized users of network services from accessing those services, where legitimate traffic cannot reach the target nodes. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are against CPU power, battery power and transmission bandwidth. A malicious node may launch a DoS attack against another node by requesting routes from that node, or by forwarding unnecessary packets to that node in an attempt to wear down (draining) the other nodes batteries. A DoS attack can be carried out in many ways and against any layer in the network protocol stack, namely, physical layer, link layer, and network layer [4, 12, 31]. Sybil Attack This attack is also known as masquerade or impersonation or spoofing attack. In this attack, a single malicious node attempts to take out the identity of other nodes in the network by advertising false/fake routes. i.e. an attacker pretends to have multiple identities obtained either by impersonating (forges) other nodes or by making use of false identities. It then attempts to send packets over network with identity of other nodes making the destination believe that the packet is from original source [28]. Sybil attacks are classified into three categories: direct/indirect communication, fabricated/stolen identity, and simultaneity. In the direct communication, Sybil nodes communicate directly with legitimate nodes, whereas in the indirect communication, messages sent to Sybil nodes are routed through malicious nodes. An attacker can fabricate a new identity or it can simply steal it after destroying or temporarily disabling the impersonated node. All Sybil identities can participate simultaneously in the network or they may be cycled through [29]. Misrouting Attack This attack is also known as manipulation of network traffic attack. This is a very simple way for a node to disturb the protocol operation by announcing that it has better route than the existing one. In the misrouting attack, a non-legitimate node redirects the routing message and sends data packet to the wrong destination. This type of attack is carried out by modifying metric value of a route or by altering control message fields of a route or modifying the final destination address of the data packet or by forwarding a data packet to the wrong next hop in the route to the destination [30]. Device Tampering Attack (Weak Physical Protection) Unlike nodes in a wired network, nodes in MANETs are usually compact, soft, and hand-held in nature. They could get damaged or lost or stolen easily and misused by an adversary. In military applications, mobile nodes are subject to capturing, compromising and hijacking. In such hostile environments, it is almost impossible to provide perfect physical protection [3]. Jellyfish Attack A jellyfish attacker first needs to intrude into the multicast forwarding group. It then delays data packets unnecessarily for some amount of time before forwarding them. This result in significantly high end-to-end delays and, thus, degrades the performance of real-time applications [31]. Eclipse Attack A pattern of misbehavior called an eclipse attack, which consists of the gradual poisoning of good (uncompromised) nodes routing tables with links to a conspiracy of adversarial nodes (compromised nodes) [12, 15, 18]. 1.1.6 Security Solutions in MANET Various kinds of security attacks are possible on ad hoc routing. Due to inherent characteristics, MANETs are highly susceptible to malicious attacks. To overcome these attacks, available security solutions are used. Attack prevention measures can be used as the first line of defense to reduce the possibilities of attacks. There are two types of security solutions: preventive and detective to overcome these attacks. Preventive solutions are typically based on message encryption techniques, while detective solutions include the application of digital signature and cryptographic hash functions. The prevention schemes proposed for external attacks are key and trust management, whereas the countermeasures for internal attacks are secure routing protocols [5, 7]. 1.2 Motivation of the Work Providing security for MANETs is a difficult problem. The method of using security solutions of a traditional wired network is not suitable. All those methods require online trusted authority. In contrast with conventional networks, MANETs do not provide on-line access to trusted authorities or to centralized servers. For this reason, key management is particularly difficult to implement in such networks. However, key management is deemed as the fundamental essential part of any secure communication. There are two ways to introduce security in MANETs: 1. through a single authority domain, where certification and keys are issued by a single authority, and 2. through full self-organization, where security does not rely on any trusted authority or fixed server. Conventional public key management is implemented with public key infrastructure, in which a trusted third party (TTP) holds the public key certificates of all participating entities and acts as an online