Term Paper on Computer Games

Knowledge and Dexterity are advantageous blessing that God has supplied us. Thus, Man can fiddle with nature. It is genuine and closed. We have the best chance to control things like: The Development of Medicine; Swift Transportation; Rapid Communications and the Aggrandizement of Technology. One of this is COMPUTER GAMES. PC Games is one of the imperative issues in our general public to be centered around. Why? Since they state that Computer Games are one of the indecencies that the youngsters are been dependent, appended with.They could go throughout the day just to play different on the web or downloaded games. Apparently, it is there yearnings for them to be fulfilled. Much the same as there days wouldn’t complete if not played simply even one game. As indicated by Surveys, Computer Games has in reality an incredible impact on everyone. Since, we can picture heap young people situated before PC set playing, getting a charge out of, and cussing with one another. Truly, CUSS ING. When been partial to it, young people are step by step adjusting the idea of a crazy person player. Presently, they realize how to utilize disgusting words to communicate their emotions, a well of lava that would going to erupt.Another thing is that, we can not, at this point more to see youth who plays ball, volleyball and the remainder of the Sports Games that can truly helped a ton in our wellbeing and physical traits. That’s why they additionally included that Computer Games is progressively crushing games. This is the reason the Government should take its activity to offer solution for this pandemic issue concerns our young people of today. Today, guardians despite everything stress over the impacts of fierce PC games and obviously it likewise stays a famous point for the media.However, with a developing number of kids and youngsters investing exorbitant energy playing PC games, maybe guardians ought to be progressively stressed over adolescents dependent on PC game s than the impacts of rough Computer Games. An assessment of the writing uncovers that the individuals who study computer game compulsion at times differ on the extent of youngsters and adolescents dependent on PC games. In any case, most of studies recommend that roughly 5 to 10% of youth who play PC games become addicted.Compared to other mental challenges, (for example, despondency and uneasiness), high school PC game compulsion is clearly a moderately new issue looked by families. In that capacity, guardians may need exact or potentially supportive data on the indications of PC game dependence, the hazard factors for computer game habit, and methodologies for helping young people dependent on PC games after the issue creates. Foundation The discussion on whether Computer Games have social impacts and cause viciousness among the players, particularly kids, can be followed back to 1976 when a computer game entitled Death Race was discharged on the market.The primary point of the g ame was to run over shouting devils utilizing a vehicle which would then transform into gravestones. The pace of the game was person on foot and the demons looked like human figures. There was an open objection over this computer game and inevitably its creation stopped. There were other vicious Computer Games that were created later in 1993, for example, Night Trap and Mortal Combat, that were trailed by open objection. Around the same time, a load up was built up in the United States to investigate Computer Games and rate them as indicated by their substance (Siwek, 2007).The load up is known as the amusement programming rating load up (ESRB). The other computer game that pulled in media consideration was Rapelay, created in 2006 (Siwek, 2007). The computer game expected players to assault and tail a lady and her two young ladies. Such Computer Games are said to cause conduct change among kids. There are a few occurrences that are connected to Computer Games, for example, the slau ghter at Columbine High School that asserted 13 lives. Laws have been sanctioned to boycott or control the offer of Computer Games.For model, on the 27th of June 2007, the Supreme Court of the United States toppled the law in California that prohibited the offer of Computer Games to minors (Siwek, 2007). The court decided that the law abused the right to speak freely despite the fact that the state has a commitment to shield kids from hurt. Another angle that ought to be noted in regards to Computer Games is that young men invest more energy playing than young ladies. Very few young ladies are keen on playing Computer Games, subsequently they are not influenced as much as young men of a comparative age (Anderson and Bushman, 2001).The Drawbacks of Children Playing Computer Games Most of the negative impacts because of playing Computer Games among kids can be accused on the brutal scenes contained in these games. At the point when a kid invests an all-inclusive measure of energy play ing such Computer Games, they turns out to be socially segregated. This implies a youngster needs more an ideal opportunity to communicate with different citizenry (Anderson and Bushman, 2001). The youngster who spends numerous hours daily playing Computer Games will have no an ideal opportunity to meet and make new companions. They may thus turn out to be progressively discouraged and lonelier in their homes.Children will likewise invest little energy in different exercises, for example, sports, perusing, and doing schoolwork. The kid turns out to be socially dormant since they don't engage in social exercises. Some Computer Games instruct kids wrong qualities (Gunter, 1998). A large portion of the kids who invest quite a bit of their energy playing Computer Games are probably going to perform inadequately in school. A strong number of Computer Games are addictive. As opposed to considering or finishing schoolwork, a youngster invests energy playing Computer Games. Thus, lackluster showing will be seen at schools. PC Games decrease a child’s innovative intuition as well.This implies that a kid who winds up investing the greater part of their energy playing Computer Games doesn't get an opportunity to think inventively or freely. Innovative reasoning is significant in building up a child’s innovativeness. By encouraging disconnection, Computer Games may likewise influence a child’s wellbeing. Since they don't get enough substantial exercise, youngsters who invest most of their energy playing Computer Games are probably going to experience the ill effects of video-instigated seizures, corpulence and skeletal, solid and postural issue like tendinitis, carpal passage disorder, among others.Computer Games elevate kids to connect bliss and delight with the capacity to make torment others. They build up the inclination that so as to be glad, one needs to cause others to endure. Youngsters who play Computer Games will in general create narrow min ded conduct (Anderson and Bushman, 2001). PC Games show the player to be reliant and since the kid is disregarded while playing the game, they can create egotistical conduct. A specific report that was done at the Minneapolis-based national organization for media showed that children can get dependent on Computer Games and display social phobias.The intelligent nature of Computer Games is very not quite the same as latently seeing motion pictures or TV. The games permit players to be dynamic members in the content. The players who can profit by demonstrations of viciousness are then ready to continue to the following level (Sherry, 2001). As a negative aftereffect of playing Computer Games, savagery in kids has indicated an expansion. â€Å"Anderson and Dill found that guys who were high in animosity and fractiousness, indicated the most grounded relationship between computer game play and forceful conduct (Lillian Bensely and Juliet Van Eenwyk, 2001)†.There are numerous epis odes of vicious conduct among youngsters who play brutal Computer Games around the world (Gunter, 1998). One of the prominent episodes is the Columbine High School slaughter that was brought about by multi year-old Dylan Klebold, and multi year-old Harris Eric. The slaughter occurred on the twentieth of April, 1999, at Columbine High School, situated in Jefferson County. 12 students and an educator were slaughtered by two understudies. It was later uncovered that the two shooters in the slaughter were visit players of weapon-based battle games.It was additionally noticed that the two shooters used to play Wolfeinstein 3D and Doom, games which are vicious. After the occurrence, numerous paper articles guaranteed that the key reason for that episode was brutal Computer Games. Another episode happened in April, 2000 when Jose Rabadan, a multi year-old Spaniard, slaughtered his folks and his sister utilizing a katana blade, asserting that he was Squall Leonhart, the fundamental characte r in the computer game named ‘Final Fantasy V111,’ determined to retaliate for. This was an outcome of playing the game excessively and fantasizing about what he found in the computer game (Williams, and Marko, 2005).In 1997, there was the situation of a multi year-old Wilson Noah, who was murdered by his companion utilizing a kitchen blade. The mother of the perished asserted that Noah was cut due to the fixation his companion had with the computer game known as Mortal Combat. She affirmed that the youngster who executed Noah was fixated on the game, and thought he was one of the characters in the game named ‘Cyrax’. In the game, Cyrax is utilizing a completing move whereby he gets the rival and wounds him in the chest. It was asserted this was the move that inspired the executing of that child.There are numerous different episodes that were brought about by the impacts of playing Computer Games. A report that was arranged by the FBI in the year 2006 indic ated that the playing of Computer Games among kids was one of the conduct attributes connected to acts of mass violence. The report sketched out a few factors behind acts of mass violence of which playing brutal Computer Games was the most self-evident (Anderson and Bushman, 2001). As indicated by Gentile and Anderson, playing Computer Games builds the forceful conduct of the player, since the demonstrations of savagery are consistently continued during the game (Gentile, and Anderson, 2003).â€Å"Although uplifted physiological excitement (e. g. , pulse, circulatory strain, skin conductance) can be helpful in specific circumstances, physiologic

Organic Consumers Association :: Web Internet Food Cyberspace Essays

Natural Consumers Association The World Wide Web, so immense, so quick, what’s the page you’ll look into last? Well it may not be the last page you could ever scan for however it presumably isn't on the rundown of your best ten sites. Anyway it ought to be on the best ten, might I venture to state number one? The Organic Consumers Association is an incredibly intriguing and educational website page that most Americans will presumably never observe. It manages a wide scope of issues, principally those concerning natural groceries. The page likewise has numerous different perspectives to it including conversation sheets and approaches to look for related material over the web. The Organic Consumers Association (OCA) site page offers a wide scope of spots to investigate and issues to find out about while joining logical gadgets and different delineations. Well marvelous, presently it is comprehended that the OCA site page offers a plenty of chance for quite a long time and long stretches of web fun. Be that as it may, for what reason does this worry me and for what reason do I give it a second thought? The truth is numerous individuals are deficiently educated about numerous issues occurring on the planet today. A great many people get their report from the TV or a paper however those are just little examples of things occurring in this wondrous nation of our own. This is the place the OCA site becomes possibly the most important factor. It offers many various articles from papers far and wide dependent on less standard yet similarly significant themes. These themes go from look into done about natural nourishments to air contamination break downs. One point that I ensure most would not hope to experience goes similar to this, â€Å"Flame Retardants Found in Mothers’ Breast Milk in U.S† (OCA site). Plainly there are a wi de scope of themes to find out going to make yourself increasingly mindful of less normal things occurring far and wide. Most of points secured on the site are clearly going to about be natural nourishments. This may relate to developing nourishments naturally or what kinds of natural nourishments are the most well known or wellbeing realities about eating natural food sources. There are additionally numerous articles about hereditarily built nourishments that are turning out to be increasingly dangerous. Being increasingly explicit, there is an article to make individuals mindful that Starbucks Coffee (a spot where numerous American visit one to two times each day) utilizes hereditarily adjusted espresso beans.

Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills

Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills If it is time for you to get writingâ€"whether it is a research essay, lab report, resume, or even just an emailâ€"the task can bring unnecessary anxiety into your life. It is not uncommon for individuals to agonize over choosing the right word or to worry whether they put the comma in the right place. Is my thesis clear? Will I meet the deadline? What is a semi-colon even for? The fact that you recognize these problems and ask these questions means that getting it right matters to you. You could be a high-school student trying to come to terms with proper grammar or a seasoned writer, but we all lack confidence in our skills from time to time. Writing is intimidating and challenging but not impossible. Don’t let uncertainty cripple you from making an attempt to get your ideas down. What you have to say matters! There are many great resources available, in print and online. Picking up a basic grammar or style guide are great references for solving simple or complex problems, and there are plenty of podcasts and blogs with tips on how to improve your writing. If you are in university, check out what your campus has to offerâ€"tutoring services and writing centres provide one-on-one sessions, tutorials, and editing services. Your writing will benefit greatly from any of these types of personal attention. Of course, one of the best pieces of advice to gain confidence in your writing is to just write. Get your initial ideas down in whatever form they come to youâ€"even just simple jot notes are a great beginning. Once you have the bare bones of what you want to say, it is much easier to craft them into actual sentences and paragraphs. Before you know it, a piece of cohesive writing will appear! When you have a draft ready but know that it is not yet suitable for final submission, it is a good time to let someone else take the reins. The writers at Homework Help Canada provide editing and proofreading services and can offer great advice on how to write better papers; you can learn about the essay writing process, organization, time management, and tips on how to improve your writing. Those rudimentary ideas you jot down will benefit from careful revision so that you can be confident that your ideas are polished, clear, and effective. Your writing will improve the more you take advantage of our expert services; we are confident that you will reach academic and professional success by reaching out to us. References: Amazon.com (2015). Amazon Best Sellers: Best Grammar Reference. Retrieved August 23, 2015, from 11981 Hale, Ali. (2014). Retrieved August 23, 2015, from Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills Gain Confidence in Your Writing Skills If it is time for you to get writingâ€"whether it is a research essay, lab report, resume, or even just an emailâ€"the task can bring unnecessary anxiety into your life. It is not uncommon for individuals to agonize over choosing the right word or to worry whether they put the comma in the right place. Is my thesis clear? Will I meet the deadline? What is a semi-colon even for? The fact that you recognize these problems and ask these questions means that getting it right matters to you. You could be a high-school student trying to come to terms with proper grammar or a seasoned writer, but we all lack confidence in our skills from time to time. Writing is intimidating and challenging but not impossible. Don’t let uncertainty cripple you from making an attempt to get your ideas down. What you have to say matters! There are many great resources available, in print and online. Picking up a basic grammar or style guide are great references for solving simple or complex problems, and there are plenty of podcasts and blogs with tips on how to improve your writing. If you are in university, check out what your campus has to offerâ€"tutoring services and writing centres provide one-on-one sessions, tutorials, and editing services. Your writing will benefit greatly from any of these types of personal attention. Of course, one of the best pieces of advice to gain confidence in your writing is to just write. Get your initial ideas down in whatever form they come to youâ€"even just simple jot notes are a great beginning. Once you have the bare bones of what you want to say, it is much easier to craft them into actual sentences and paragraphs. Before you know it, a piece of cohesive writing will appear! When you have a draft ready but know that it is not yet suitable for final submission, it is a good time to let someone else take the reins. The writers at Homework Help USA provide editing and proofreading services and can offer great advice on how to write better papers; you can learn about the essay writing process, organization, time management, and tips on how to improve your writing. Those rudimentary ideas you jot down will benefit from careful revision so that you can be confident that your ideas are polished, clear, and effective. Your writing will improve the more you take advantage of our expert services; we are confident that you will reach academic and professional success by reaching out to us. References: Amazon.com (2015). Amazon Best Sellers: Best Grammar Reference. Retrieved August 23, 2015, from 11981 Hale, Ali. (2014). Retrieved August 23, 2015, from

Is Ectoplasm Real Ectoplasm and Science

If youve seen enough scary Halloween movies, then youve heard the term ectoplasm. Slimer left green gooey ectoplasm slime in his wake in Ghostbusters. In The Haunting in Connecticut, Jonah emits ectoplasm during a  sà ©ance. These movies are works of fiction, so you may be wondering whether ectoplasm is real. Real Ectoplasm Ectoplasm is a defined term in science. Its used to describe the cytoplasm of the one-celled organism, the amoeba, which moves by extruding portions of itself and flowing into space. Ectoplasm is the outer portion of an amoebas cytoplasm, while endoplasm is the inner portion of the cytoplasm. Ectoplasm is a clear gel that helps the foot or pseudopodium of an amoeba change direction. Ectoplasm changes according to the acidity or alkalinity of the fluid. The endoplasm is more watery and contains most of the cells structures. So, yes, ectoplasm is a real thing. Ectoplasm from a  Medium or Spirit Then, there is the supernatural kind of ectoplasm. The term was coined by Charles Richet, the French physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1913 for his work on anaphylaxis. The word comes from the Greek words ektos, which means outside and plasma, which means molded or formed, in reference to the substance said to be manifested by a physical medium in a trance. Psychoplasm and teleplasm refer to the same phenomenon, although teleplasm is ectoplasm that acts at a distance from the medium. Ideoplasm is ectoplasm that molds itself into the likeness of a person. Richet, like many scientists of his time, was interested in the nature of the material said to be excreted by a medium, that could allow a spirit to interact with a physical realm. Scientists and physicians known to have studied ectoplasm include  German physician and psychiatrist  Albert Freiherr von Schrenck-Notzing,  German embryologist Hans Driesch, physicist  Edmund Edward Fournier dAlbe,  and English scientist Michael Faraday.  Unlike Slimers ectoplasm, accounts from the early 20th century describe ectoplasm as a gauzy material. Some said it started out translucent and then materialized to become visible. Others said ectoplasm faintly glowed. Some people reported a strong odor associated with the stuff. Other accounts stated ectoplasm disintegrated upon exposure to light. Most reports describe ectoplasm as cool and moist and sometimes vicious.  Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, working with a medium identified as Eva C., stated ectoplasm felt like a living material, moving and responding to his touch. For the most part, mediums of the day were frauds and their ectoplasm was revealed to be  a hoax. While several notable scientists conducted experiments on ectoplasm to determine its source, composition, and properties, its difficult to tell whether they were analyzing the real deal or an example of stage showmanship.  Schrenck-Notzing obtained a sample of ectoplasm, which he described as filmy and organized like a biological tissue sample, which degraded into epithelial cells with nuclei, globules, and mucus. While researchers weighed the medium and resulting ectoplasm, exposed samples to light, and stained them, there dont appear to have been any successful attempts to identify chemical substances in the matter. But, scientific understanding of elements and molecules was limited at the time. Quite honestly, most of any investigation centered on determining whether or not the medium and the ectoplasm were fraudulent Modern Ectoplasm Being a medium was a viable business at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. In the modern era, fewer people claim to be mediums. Of these, only a handful are mediums who emit ectoplasm. While videos of ectoplasm abound on the internet, theres little information about samples and test results. More recent samples have been identified as human tissue or fragments of fabric.  Basically, mainstream science views ectoplasm with skepticism or outright disbelief. Make Homemade Ectoplasm The most common fake ectoplasm was simply a sheet of fine muslin (a sheer fabric). If you want to go for the early 20th-century medium effect, you could use any sheer sheet or spider web type of material. The slimy version can be replicated using egg whites (with or without bits of thread or tissue) or slime. Luminescent Ectoplasm Recipe Heres a nice glowing ectoplasm recipe thats easy to make using readily available materials: 1 cup of warm water4 ounces clear non-toxic glue (white works too, but wont produce clear ectoplasm)1/2 cup liquid starch2-3 tablespoons glow in the dark paint or 1-2 teaspoons of glow powder Mix together the glue and water until the solution is uniform.Stir in the glow paint or powder.Use a spoon or your hands to mix in the liquid starch to form ectoplasm slime.Shine a bright light on the ectoplasm so it will glow in the dark.Store your ectoplasm in a sealed container to keep it from drying out. Theres also an edible ectoplasm recipe, in case you need to drip ectoplasm from your nose or mouth. References Crawford, W. J.  The Psychic Structures at the Goligher Circle.  London, 1921. Schrenck-Notzing, Baron A.  The Phenomena of Materialisation.  London, 1920. Reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1975.

Black Feminism By Alice Walker - 2142 Words

Black Feminism Black Feminism argues that sexism, class oppression and racism are linked together. Mainstream feminism that more than often benefits white women, strives to overcome class and gender oppression, however they do not recognise that race can discriminate against women also. Activist, Alice Walker states that black women experience a different kind of oppression when compared to their white counterparts. Professor of Sociology and social activist, Patricia Hill Collins summarises that Black feminism is ‘a process of self-conscious struggle that empowers women and men to actualise a humanist vision of community.’ Her quote welcomes individuals of any gender, whom understands black women’s struggle to fight with them. [Collins, 1991:39] DATES The Black Feminist Movement is said to have grown out of the Black Liberation Movement and the Women’s Movement that took place in the United States of America. In both movements Black women were being openly discriminated against and found it hard to voice their opinions and gather solidarity. Author, Cherise Charleswell writes in her article, Herstory: Origins and Continued Relevancy of Black Feminist Thought in the United States, that ‘â€Å"Black† was equated with black men and â€Å"woman† was equated with white women; and the end result of this was that black women were an invisible group whose existence and needs were (and many would rightfully argue continues) to be ignored.’ This became the reason for Black Feminism to beShow MoreRelatedWomanism: Universal Black Feminism751 Words   |  4 PagesWOMANISM The term womanism is coined by Alice Walker, the author best known for her book â€Å"The Color Purple.† Walker used the term for the first time in 1983, when she talked about the womanist theory in her book In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens: Womanist prose. The womanist movement centres on the feminist effort of black women. 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Three well respected works from Alice Walker are: The Color Purple, The Third Life of GrangeRead MoreCritically Examine How Black Feminism Emerged And Assess1229 Words   |  5 Pagesexamine how Black feminism emerged and assess its impact on contemporary feminist theory. Answer with reference to intersectionality and ‘difference . feminism means the equality between men and women in social, political and social standing. There are many different types of feminism that women have adopted that they best feel aligns with their perspectives of the world. This essay will mainly be focusing black feminism that was developed in the 1960s. The essay will examine why the black feminismRead MoreInfluence Of Life In The Color Purple By Alice Walker1192 Words   |  5 Pageslker Commonly known as the author behind the epistolary novel, The Color Purple, Alice Walker is a native Georgian who considerably influenced the culture of the state. 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Politics Essay Margaret Thatcher’s Domestic Reforms Free Essays

string(42) " were well over three million unemployed\." Which features of Margaret Thatcher’s domestic reforms (1979-1990), if any, are still prevalent in present-day Britain? The echoes of Margaret Thatcher spirit still reverberate in the Conservative-Liberal coalition. There are key aspects of domestic policy introduced by Margaret Thatcher which retain a profound influence on the politics of today. Underpinning all of the domestic agenda in 1979 and 2010 is the spending cuts and the remarkable parallels between Geoffrey Howe’s and George Osborne’s budgets. We will write a custom essay sample on Politics Essay: Margaret Thatcher’s Domestic Reforms or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the coalition government’s plans for the privatisation of Royal Mail and their programme for the welfare state distinct parallels can be drawn with the Thatcher government’s domestic reforms between 1979 and 1990. On the other hand, there are also distinct areas which have seen the coalition break significantly with Thatcher, most notably in the areas of crime and trade unions. I intend to contrast the new coalition Government’s manifesto and record so far with the Thatcher era and elicit how profoundly the domestic reforms initiated by Thatcher are still prevalent today in modern politics across the political divide. It is no coincidence that Andrew Grice, the political editor of the Independent, wrote an article in the aftermath of the 2010 budget entitled â€Å"Has Osborne just completed the Thatcherite Revolution?†[1] The parallels between 1979 and 2010 are irresistible: A dismal economic inheritance from a Labour Party perceived by the Conservatives to be running the country to ruin by attempting to spend their way out of horrendous structural problems in the economy. Although the global economic crisis precipitated by the sub-prime mortgage crisis in America can be distinguished from the sterling crisis which culminated in the loan from the International Monetary Fund in 1976[2], the task facing the coalition and how they have tackled the huge budget deficit is reminiscent of Thatcher. This strikingly similar economic approach has provided the forum for Thatcher’s domestic policies to flourish once again and find expression in many of the coalition’s policies. Referring to 1979, Nigel Lawson, the former Chancellor of the Exchequer in Thatcher’s Government and then financial secretary, aptly sums up the task which his party resolved to tackle in 1979 and to make: â€Å"a decisive start to the process of reducing the deficit, and to do so entirely by cutting government spending†[3]. The budget deficits in 1979 and 2010 saw the respective Government’s advocate a rejection of Keynesianism. Both periods saw a brutal reduction in public spending yet one of the more familiar of Keynes’ insights is that during a recession the Government deficit should be increased to create the demand that would reinvigorate the economy. Consequently the ideological parallels adopted by the coalition and by the Thatcher government in cutting the budget deficits have enabled Thatcher’s domestic reforms to once again be prevalent in British society. Without such an atmosphere of economic difficulty, it is questionable whether any government with a budget surplus would follow such domestic reforms as privatisation or drastic reform of the welfare state. Privatisation was, in Peter Riddell’s own words, â€Å"the jewel in the crown of the Government’s legislative programme[4]†. Harold Macmillan, in his speech to the Tory Reform Group on 8th November 1985, put it slightly differently: â€Å"First of all the Georgian silver goes, and then all the nice furniture that used to be in the saloon. Then the Canalettos go.†[5] In the decade after Margaret Thatcher came to power about two-fifths of the previously state-owned industries were sold to the private sector. These striking innovations changed the boundaries between the private and the public sector fundamentally. But what is left to privatise?[6] There is the Royal Mail, which escaped plans to part-privatise it during the Labour government[7], but which has now been targeted by the coalition as being ripe for full privatisation. That both sides of the political divide have expressed a desire to privatise the Royal Mail to some extent is testament to the enduring legacy of privatisation started under Thatcher. As Hugo Young, the Guardian’s former political commentator, remarks: â€Å"the privatizing of productive business will never be reversed†[8]. Indeed the privatisation jewel was not reversed during Tony Blair’s Government and he has been described by Anthony Seldon as not possessing â€Å"the visceral hatred of privatisation of those on the left of his party†[9]. It must be noted that although the attempt in 2009 to part-privatise the Royal Mail was met with a revolt by 120 Labour backbenchers, forcing Lord Mandelson to abandon his plans, the lack of credible bidders for the proposed stake of 30% appears to be the real nail in the coffin. Although the coalition agreement does not explicitly state that the Royal Mail will be privatised, it would appear that the reality of the budget deficit, as Geoffrey Howe realised in 1979, and the need to raise capital has forced the hand of the coalition in privatising the Royal Mail.[10] A postal services bill is currently making its way through Parliament, having been introduced on the 13th October, received its second reading on the 27th October and having reached the Committee stage on the 9th of November[11]. The four parts of the bill reveal that up to 90% is being sold off but in reality a trade-off is being sought between the Lib-Dem manifesto commitment of 49% part privatisation and the 100% sought by the Conservative party. The welfare state was also a centrepiece of Margaret Thatcher’s domestic reforms. It has been observed that â€Å"Mrs Thatcher’s social mission was equally clear cut: roll back excessive state activity and bureaucracy and let individuals stand on their own two feet†[12]. Much has been made of the welfare state during this time and perhaps Max Hastings, who argued that the policies during this time were designed to undo the perceived excesses of the 1960s, describes the situation most aptly: â€Å"Some of us were increasingly troubled by the absence of concern in the government’s policies and rhetoric for the underclass – this, at a time when there were well over three million unemployed. You read "Politics Essay: Margaret Thatcher’s Domestic Reforms" in category "Essay examples"†[13] The welfare state is the natural target for the right wing for two reasons: â€Å"First, because it allegedly generates even higher tax levels, budget deficits, disincentives to work and save, and a bloated class of unproductive workers. Second, because it encourages ‘soft’ attitudes towards crime, immigrants, the idle, the feckless, strikers, the sexually aberrant and so forth.†[14] Reitan notes that when Margaret Thatcher came to power she was a vehement critic of the welfare state for two reasons. Firstly she considered it as being too expensive and wasteful and secondly that it detracted from individual initiative and responsibility[15]. Perhaps one of Thatcher’s most enduring policies in this area is the right to buy for council house tenants. Reitan observes that this resulted in one million families or individuals becoming landowners. This success came at a price for many though as it saw them mired in the ‘negative equity’ caused by ove r-inflated prices from a distorted property market. The Labour party continued to support the right to buy and this can be described accurately as a domestic policy which is still very much prevalent in modern Britain. It must be noted though that the right to buy is being reviewed by the coalition government[16]. Nevertheless this is one key policy aspect which has survived into modern times intact and which bridges the political divide. A key theme of Margaret Thatcher’s government was of targeting welfare to the most needy in society. Seldon Collings describe the policy on welfare: â€Å"Successive reforms of the social security system progressively tightened the eligibility rules for unemployment benefit. Means-testing was extended while payouts from insurance based benefits were restricted, and the level of the popular universal benefit paid to parents (child benefit) was frequently frozen year on year.†[17] The coalition government has gone further than the Thatcher government on child benefit by scrapping it for higher rate taxpayers. This meteoric leap goes far beyond what the Thatcher government contemplated. Despite this, the ideological attack on the welfare state, which was originated by Margaret Thatcher, is gathering pace and has found expression in the coalition government’s plans and policies on welfare. The radical welfare reforms proposed by Ian Duncan Smith include simplifying the system comprehensively by replacing all benefits with one means-tested universal benefit which will subsume all by 2017 (including child benefit)[18]. Finally Helen Fawcett suggests that the single most important contribution by Thatcher was to change the way in which benefits were â€Å"uprated or increased on a regular basis†[19] by announcing that they would be increased in line with prices and not in line with increases in average earnings. This meant that the basic pension has progressively lost value whereas it had doubled from 1948 to the 80’s. The coalition agreement however, indicates that the earnings link for the basic pension will be restored in 2011 with a triple guarantee that pensions are raised by the higher of earnings, prices or 2.5%[20]. In the areas of crime and the trade unions it would appear that Thatcher’s reforms are not so prevalent in modern politics. Regarding crime Douglas Hurd, then Home Secretary, summarises the stance of the Government: â€Å"On some issues, such as the poor quality of police leadership, she let me have her strong views. In general I realised that she favoured a tough line and strong penalties†[21] The Criminal Justice Bill of 1986, a reaction to the horrific race riots in Brixton and London, Birmingham and Liverpool, demonstrated the Thatcher administration’s determination to tackle crime in a very heavy handed manner. Reitan describes the changes brought about by the Bill: â€Å"It provided for longer sentences, compensation to victims of crime, limitation on defense challenges to jurors, and privacy for children called to testify in child abuse cases. The Public Order Act of the same year gave the police new powers and resources for riot control. It reflected the view of many Conservatives that a strong hand was necessary to deal with the volatile populations of the central cities.†[22] The coalition government’s proposals on crime are liberal. Kenneth Clarke, the justice secretary, has argued powerfully that â€Å"too often prison has proved a costly and ineffectual approach that fails to turn criminals into law-abiding citizens†[23]. Furthermore, the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Bill which is currently making its way through Parliament will make police more accountable and restore the right to non-violent protest around Parliament. Budgetary cuts to the police force are also a break from the past[24] and emphasize the change in ideology from Thatcher to David Cameron in 2010. Finally programmes contracted out to private companies will be an alternative to sentencing, although this has been attacked by some on the left as a part-privatisation of the judiciary[25]. So even though the policy is liberal, it could be argued that the economics behind it are reminiscent of Thatcher. Thatcher’s battles with the trade unions are well documented. A clear reduction in the political power of trade unions was one of her key objectives and she is widely acknowledged to have succeeded in bringing unions back within the scope of the civil law by enacting incremental legislation such as the Employment Acts of 1980, 1982 and 1988 which among other things, made unions liable for damages incurred during a strike unless a majority had been secured by secret ballot[26]. David Cameron has actively sought the support of the unions and has so far resisted powerful calls from Boris Johnson[27] and David Davis[28] to tear up strike laws and make it more difficult to strike. In conclusion there are certainly key aspects of Margaret Thatcher’s domestic reforms which are still very prevalent in society today. Overshadowing all is the similarity in approach to cutting the budget and the rejection of Keynesianism. In terms of privatisation and the welfare state Thatcher has left an indelible mark on British Society which has found powerful expression in the coalition government and their actions so far. Areas such as crime and trade unions however are moving in a different direction and Thatcher’s reforms in these areas have been slowly eroded down the years by the successive Labour government’s and even under the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition. Bibliography Books: Collings, Daniel Seldon, Anthony ‘Britainunder Thatcher’ Longman 2000 Hall Jacques (ed) ‘The politics of Thatcherism’ Lawrence and Wishart 1983 Hastings, Max ‘Editor’ Pan Books 2002 Hollowell, Jonathan (ed) ‘Britainsince 1945’ Blackwell 2003 Howe, Geoffrey ‘Conflict of Loyalty’ Pan books 1995 p.255 Hurd,Douglas‘Memoirs’ Little, Brown 2003 Lawson, Nigel â€Å"The view from No.11† Bantam Press 1992 Reitan, A.Earl ‘The Thatcher Revolution’ Rowan Littlefield Publishers 2003 Riddell, Peter ‘The Thatcher Era and its Legacy’ Blackwell 1991 Seldon, Anthony ‘Blair’ Free Press 2004 p.102-3 Jones, Kavanagh, Moran Norton ‘PoliticsUK’ Pearson 2004 Young, Hugo ‘Supping with the Devils’ Atlantic Books London 2003 p. 16 Websites: (1) http://www.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/6374543/privatization-revisited.thtml (2) http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/jul/01/royal-mail-mandelson-part-privatisation (3) http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/politics/echoes-of-thatcher-as-coalition-scraps-free-infant-milk-1.1046708[1] (4) http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/andrew-grice/andrew-grice-has-osborne-just-completed-the-thatcherite-revolution-not-that-hed-ever-want-to-admit-it-2113427.html (5) http://www.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/6374543/privatization-revisited.thtml (6) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/borisjohnson/8041101/Boris-Johnson-calls-for-change-in-strike-laws.html (7) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1326826/Cameron-told-Rip-outdated-union-laws-rival-David-Davis.html (8) http://leftsideoflife.com/ (9) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/8047588/Child-benefit-to-be-replaced-by-means-tested-universal-credit-by-2017.html (10) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/8047588/Child-benefit-to-be-replaced-by-means-tested-universal-credit-by-2017.html (11) http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/sep/16/right-to-buy-rethink [1] http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/andrew-grice/andrew-grice-has-osborne-just-completed-the-thatcherite-revolution-not-that-hed-ever-want-to-admit-it-2113427.html [2] Lawson, Nigel â€Å"The view from No.11† Bantam Press 1992 p.27 [3] Lawson, Nigel â€Å"The view from No.11† Bantam Press 1992 p.31 [4] Lawson, Nigel â€Å"The view from No.11† Bantam Press 1992 p.197 [5] Riddell, Peter ‘The Thatcher Era And its Legacy’ Blackwell 1991 p.87 [6] http://www.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/6374543/privatization-revisited.thtml [7] http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/jul/01/royal-mail-mandelson-part-privatisation [8] Young, Hugo ‘Supping with the Devils’ Atlantic Books London 2003 p. 16 [9] Seldon, Anthony ‘Blair’ Free Press 2004 p.102-3 [10] Howe, Geoffrey ‘Conflict of Loyalty’ Pan books 1995 p.255 [11]http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/postalservices.html [12] Collings, Daniel Seldon, Anthony ‘Britain under Thatcher’ Longman 2000 p.70 [13]Hastings, Max ‘Editor’ Pan Books 2002 p.163 [14] Hall, Stuart Jacques, Martin ‘The politics of Thatcherism’ Lawrence and Wishart 1983 p.156 [15] Reitan, A.Earl ‘The Thatcher Revolution’ Rowan Littlefield Publishers 2003 p.98 [16] http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/sep/16/right-to-buy-rethink [17] Collings, Daniel Seldon, Anthony ‘Britain under Thatcher’ Longman 2000 p.71 [18] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/8047588/Child-benefit-to-be-replaced-by-means-tested-universal-credit-by-2017.html [19] Hollowell, Jonathan (ed) ‘Britain since 1945’ Blackwell 2003 p.452 [20] http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/may/20/coalition-government-agreement-cameron-clegg [21] Hurd,Douglas ‘Memoirs’ Little, Brown 2003 p. 341 [22] Reitan, A.Earl ‘The Thatcher Revolution’ Rowan Littlefield Publishers 2003 p.109 [23] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/7862003/Kenneth-Clarke-Fewer-criminals-will-go-to-prison.html [24] Jones, Kavanagh, Moran Norton ‘Politics UK’ Pearson 2004 p.623 [25] http://leftsideoflife.com/ [26] Collings, Daniel Seldon, Anthony ‘Britain under Thatcher’ Longman 2000 p.69 [27] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/borisjohnson/8041101/Boris-Johnson-calls-for-change-in-strike-laws.html [28] http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1326826/Cameron-told-Rip-outdated-union-laws-rival-David-Davis.html How to cite Politics Essay: Margaret Thatcher’s Domestic Reforms, Essay examples

Reflection on Buddhism and Ones Life Essay Example

Reflection on Buddhism and Ones Life Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Buddhism and Ones Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Buddhism and Ones Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Buddhism and Ones Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Reflection on Buddhism and one’s life The mystery in all Buddhism followers takes us back to the very beginning, which is at the conception of Buddha. Buddha’s mother, Maya had a dream that showed her that an animal in the form of a white elephant and with six tusks had entered her womb. After consulting with her gods, (Das, 11) she learnt that the white elephant symbolized great wisdom, and loyal power, and she would soon bear a powerful child. Her pregnancy grew, and unlike other women, she did not experience pains during labour. Infant she gave birth while standing. This truly demonstrated that this child was unique. After the birth of the boy, it was further realized that he was extra ordinary since as an infant he was the same size as a six-month-old baby. He also had thirty-two marks of a great man. Normally these meant the child would either be a powerful king ruling quarter of the world or a Buddha. The child was then named Siddhartha that depicted ‘he whose purpose is accomplished’. Sadly, se ven days after his birth his mother died and her sister took over in raising the boy. The boy grew up in a royal family and had all he desired at the incarceration of the palace. After this, the four encounters, which are also known as the noble truth, came to being (Wilkinson, et al, 25). One time when Siddhartha was riding his chariots outside the palace, he saw a very ill man and a corpse being carried by mourners. The site traumatized him and immediately he wanted to leave home to became an ascetic, and forsake kingship. When Siddhartha was almost thirty years of age and seven days away to being crowned as the next king, he made plans of his escape. At the time, he had already gotten his first son. It was difficult for him to leave, but he had already decided. He managed to escape without anyone noticing with the help of superficial powers. The first six years after leaving, he spent with two famous ascetics, trying to learn their system to get a lasting solution to human suffering. However, he did not feel like he accomplished his mission, so he further joined a company of five other ascetics for more learning. He still did not get the satisfaction he seeked. One day when he was relaxed, he looked back into his youth and settled into a calm and peaceful state by letting his mind settle. He realized that his feeling of peace was the one thing he had been seeking (Nhat, Ha?nh, 50). This is where the Buddhist mediation theory came into being leading to the cessations, which are known as four noble truths The first noble truth stated that life is full of suffering and hence at some point in life everyone gets to experience suffering (Bstan-?dzin-rgya-mtsho, 23). The second noble statement was that suffering is caused by attachments. This meant that it is the attachments that we bind ourselves with that cause suffering. For instance, if we bind ourselves with anger and ignorance, suffering will surely follow us. Thirdly, the noble truth stated that abandoning our attachments brings release to suffering. This clearly teaches us that if we learn to let go of bindings such as pain and anger, we can attain peace, which in return reduces suffering (Novak, Philip, 69). Finally, the last noble truth tells us that we can release bindings by practicing the eight fold paths which consists of, right opinion, right intension, right conduct, right effort, right concentration, right speech, right livelihood and right mindfulness This particular Zen Koan is rather interesting as it proves to us that mindfulness is particularly important (Huikai, 62). It states that on a windy day, two men were arguing about a shaking banner. The first said, â€Å"The banner is moving and not the wind†. While the second said that, the wind was moving and not the banner. A third person happened to pass by and uttered to them that it was neither the wind nor the banner that was moving but the minds of the two men. To avoid suffering one should perceive to live a life filled with good morals, charitable behaviour, mediation, perseverance and most importantly keep the four noble truths at heart. Work cited Bstan-?dzin-rgya-mtsho. The Four Noble Truths. New York: Mystic Fire Audio, 1997. Sound recording. Das, Gupta S. Buddhism, Reflection on Religious Conversion. New Delhi, India: Cyber Tech Publications, 2010. Print. Gard, Richard A. Buddhism. New York: G. Braziller, 1961. Print. Gethin, Rupert. The Foundations of Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Internet resource. Hirota, Dennis. Toward a Contemporary Understanding of Pure Land Buddhism: Creating a Shin Buddhist Theology in a Religiously Plural World. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press, 2000. Internet resource. Huikai, and Thomas F. Cleary. No Barrier: Unlocking the Zen Koan : a New Translation of the Zen Classic Wumenguan (mumonkan). New York: Bantam Books, 1993. Print. Humphreys, Christmas. Buddhism. London: Cassell, 1962. Print.. Nhat, Ha?nh. The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching: Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy Liberation : the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and Other Basic Buddhist Teachings. New York: Broadway Books, 1999. Print. Novak, Philip. The World’s Wisdom: Sacred Texts of the World’s Religions. San Francisco, Calif.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994. Print. Wilkinson, Philip, and Steve Teague. Buddhism. New York: DK Pub, 2003. Print

Tenants vs. Tenets

Tenants vs. Tenets Tenants vs. Tenets Tenants vs. Tenets By Maeve Maddox Both words, tenant and tenet, derive from the Latin verb tenere, â€Å"to hold,† but they are not interchangeable. A tenant is someone who rents or leases a house, apartment, etc. from a landlord. A tenet is a principle, dogma, belief, or doctrine generally held to be true. The following examples of misuse were gathered from sites that offer some kind of professional service: INCORRECT: Generally speaking, people dont know how to teach  leadership, but we can  teach  some  basic tenants.   CORRECT : Generally speaking, people dont know how to teach  leadership, but we can  teach  some  basic tenets.   INCORRECT: Simply put, the  basic tenants  of reading and writing are ignored.   CORRECT : Simply put, the  basic tenets of reading and writing are ignored.   INCORRECT: This course is designed to give the students an overview of the basic tenants of Christian Doctrine. CORRECT : This course is designed to give the students an overview of the basic tenets of Christian Doctrine. INCORRECT: Odierno told our staff about the three  basic tenants  he uses to lead the U.S. Army: competence, commitment  and character. CORRECT : Odierno told our staff about the three  basic tenets he uses to lead the U.S. Army: competence, commitment  and character. I did not find the opposite error in professional texts, but it is quite common in comments on sites related to renting. For example: INCORRECT: most importantly, stay informed about your rights as a  tenet. CORRECT : most importantly, stay informed about your rights as a  tenant. INCORRECT: [The rule is] never enforced, but it does give the owner of the property a pretty quick and easy way to remove troublesome tenets. CORRECT : [The rule is] never enforced, but it does give the owner of the property a pretty quick and easy way to remove troublesome tenants. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesIs There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?How Verbs Become Adjectives

Best Crucible Plot Summary

Best Crucible Plot Summary SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you need to refresh your memory on the plot of The Crucible or just want some clarification on exactly what's happening in each act of the play as you read, you've come to the right place. I've written a full plot summary, divided by act, so you can better understand and recall the events of the play. As a bonus, this article also includes short descriptions of the main characters and a list of major themes that crop up throughout the narrative. The CrucibleSummary Act 1 Reverend Samuel Parris is praying next to the sick bed of his 10-year-old daughter, Betty Parris. The night before, Parris caught her dancing in the woods with a group of girls, including his teenage niece, Abigail Williams, and his slave, Tituba. Since then, Betty has been in a deep sleep and will not respond to any efforts to wake her. Rumors have spread around town that witchcraft is the cause of Betty’s illness, and people are now gathered in the parlor of the Parris household. Parris, concerned about his reputation, interrogates Abigail about what happened, but Abigail says they were just dancing. A woman named Ann Putnam says that her daughter, Ruth, who was with the group of girls, is also afflicted with a strange illness. Ann claims that she sent Ruth to see Tituba so that Tituba could facilitate communication with Ann’s other children who died as infants. Abigail admits that Tituba and Ruth were, in fact, conjuring spirits in the woods. Abigail and two other girls named Mercy Lewis and Mary Warren, who were also part of the group in the woods, are left alone with Betty. When they try to wake her up, she blurts out that Abigail drank chicken blood to cast a spell that would kill Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail threatens Betty and the others with violence if they don’t keep quiet about this. A farmer named John Proctor (Elizabeth Proctor’s husband) then enters the room. The other girls leave, and he speaks with Abigail alone. John and Abigail had an affair when Abigail worked as a servant in his house, and Abigail wants it to continue. John rejects her because he has recommitted himself to his wife. Reverend Hale arrives from the town of Beverley to investigate Betty’s situation, and Abigail confesses that Tituba called the Devil after more details about the night in the woods come to light. When Tituba is threatened with hanging, she confesses that she’s been forced to work for the Devil. Abigail and Betty then confess their coerced involvement in witchcraft and name several other people who they claim to have seen with the Devil. Act 1 ends in a cacophony of unjustified finger-pointing. Act 2 Act 2 opens with John and Elizabeth Proctor discussing the witch trials in Salem. Elizabeth tells John he has to go into town and inform them that Abigail is a liar. John’s reluctance to do so leads to an argument where he accuses Elizabeth of being too judgmental and she accuses him of still harboring feelings for Abigail. Mary Warren, who went to Salem to testify against the Proctors’ wishes, returns to the house and gives Elizabeth a doll she made in court. Mary reveals that Elizabeth was among the accused. Elizabeth knows that Abigail is accusing her because she hopes to take her place as John’s wife. Elizabeth urges John to tell Abigail directly that there’s no possibility of them ever reinstating a romantic relationship. Reverend Hale arrives and questions the Proctors about their religious devotion because of the accusations against Elizabeth. John tells him that the girls are frauds, and Hale starts to believe him. Giles Corey and Francis Nurse come to the house and reveal that both of their wives (Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse) have been arrested for witchcraft. Then, Ezekiel Cheever and Marshal Herrick arrive with a warrant for Elizabeth’s arrest. They find the doll that Mary gave Elizabeth and notice that it has a needle stuck in it. This matches up with an â€Å"attack† on Abigail that was allegedly perpetrated by Elizabeth’s spirit. Proctor gets Mary to tell them that she made the doll in court and stuck the needle in herself with Abigail sitting right next to her. Hale, Cheever, and Herrick are still not convinced Abigail is lying. Proctor tears up the arrest warrant in frustration, but Elizabeth agrees to go with the officials. Proctor tells Mary that she must testify on Elizabeth’s behalf in court. Mary is terrified to do so because she fears that Abigail will turn the court against her. Proctor expresses his feelings that he and all the other hypocrites are finally being punished for their sins. "I feel, like, really bad about myself. Why can't you just let this go" Oh, John, you're so charming. Act 3 At the start of Act 3, the audience hears Judge Hathorne questioning Martha Corey aggressively off-stage. Giles Corey interrupts the proceedings to defend his wife and is dragged into a room off of the court (on stage) by Marshal Herrick. They are accompanied by Judge Hathorne, Governor Danforth, Reverends Parris and Hale, Francis Nurse, and Ezekiel Cheever. After a short discussion where the truth of the accusers’ claims is disputed by Francis Nurse and Giles Corey, Mary Warren and John Proctor enter the room. Mary admits to Danforth that she and the other girls were faking the whole time. Danforth is not convinced that this is the truth based on all the supernatural events he’s witnessed in court (including people ostensibly being choked by spirits and slashed by daggers, which he describes on page 84). Proctor presents a petition signed by 91 people who are willing to vouch for the good character of Elizabeth Proctor, Rebecca Nurse, and Martha Corey. Danforth orders warrants to be drawn up for all the people who signed the petition. Proctor then presents a statement from Giles Corey where Corey testifies that Thomas Putnam encouraged his daughter Ruth to make accusations against George Jacobs so Putnam could snatch up his land. However, Giles refuses to reveal his source, so this evidence is discredited, and he is arrested for contempt of court. Finally, Proctor gives Danforth Mary Warren’s statement where she admits in writing that she and the other girls were faking. The other girls are brought in from the courtroom for questioning, and Abigail denies Mary’s accusations. Mary is asked to pretend to faint if it was so easy for her before, but she is unable to act under pressure. Abigail and the other girls feign symptoms of witchcraft to turn the court against Mary.Proctor is enraged and calls Abigail a whore. He admits that they had an affair so she will be discredited (although it also means destroying his own reputation). Danforth brings Elizabeth Proctor in for questioning on this issue, but she covers up the affair to protect her husband because she doesn’t realize that he has already confessed. John’s charges against Abigail are dismissed. Abigail claims to see a bird on the rafters above her that she insists is Mary Warren’s familiar spirit poised to attack her. Mary breaks down under the pressure of these accusations and "confesses" that Proctor has forced her to work for the Devil. Proctor and Corey are arrested, and Hale quits the court in disgust at this blatant display of irrationality. IDK this guy seems like a pretty cool boss. Act 4 The fourth act opens with Herrick removing Tituba and Sarah Good from a jail cell so the court officials can hold a meeting there. Both Reverend Hale and Reverend Parris are currently praying with the condemned prisoners, which is unsettling to Danforth and Hathorne. When Parris arrives at the meeting, he explains that Hale is actually trying to get the prisoners to confess to their crimesto avoid execution. He also reveals that Abigail and Mercy Lewis have run away, and Abigail stole his life’s savings. The authorities then discuss the state of social unrest that has emerged in Salem after the jailing of so many citizens. Hathorne denies that there is any possibility of rebellion, but Parris is very concerned about what will happen if they hang people like Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor, who are still well-respected. He advises that they postpone the hangings and continue pushing for confessions, but Danforth refuses because it would make him look bad. Hale arrives and says that he hasn’t gotten confessions out of anyone. The one prisoner who he hasn’t talked to is John Proctor. The officials decide that they will bring in Elizabeth Proctor to speak with him and convince him to confess. When they are left alone, Elizabeth informs John of Giles Corey’s death, and John begs her to tell him whether or not he should confess. He’s leaning towards confessing because he feels his soul is already beyond redemption. He asks for Elizabeth’s forgiveness, but she says her forgiveness doesn’t mean anything if he won’t forgive himself. She tells him that only he can decide whether or not to confess. John tentatively agrees to confess, but he refuses to implicate anyone else and then is reluctant to sign the confession. He decides he can’t go through the rest of his life after signing his name into disgrace in this permanent way. He snatches the confession away at the last minute and rips it to shreds, thus sealing his fate. The others beg Elizabeth to convince him to reconsider, but she refuses to deprive him of this choice when it’s the only way he’s finally been able to break free from his self-hatred and see some good within himself. Herrick leads John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse off to the gallows. A depressing ending to a play that reminds us of the worst aspects of humanity. Gotta love it. Other Ways to Study the Plot of The Crucible If you want more details about the plot in each act, you can read individual summaries at the following links: Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Each article includes short and long summaries along with key quotes and brief thematic analyses. List of Major Characters inThe Crucible Here's a quick rundown of the ten most prominent characters in the play, including short descriptions of their most important traits. This section should give you a better idea of who these people are and how they relate to one another. John Proctor John is a farmer in his mid-30s who is outwardly strong and confident but inwardly tormented by guilt. His self-hatred stems from an affair he had with a teenage servant girl, Abigail Williams, which was a betrayal of his own morals and his wife’s trust. John is not easily manipulated by others. He is disliked by foolish and insecure people in positions of power because he sees right through them. He also has a volatile temper and is terrible at expressing his feelings in a constructive way. Abigail Williams Abigailis a 17-year-old orphan girl raised by her uncle, Reverend Parris after her parents were murdered by Native Americans. Abigail is a clever, rebellious, selfish, and somewhat disturbed teenager who is willing to take drastic measures to get what she wants. She is smitten with John Proctor after their affair, and she dreams of replacing his wife. She’s the ringleader of the accusers and skillfully manipulates men who are older and supposedly wiser than her into believing her stories of witchcraft. Elizabeth Proctor Elizabeth is a sickly woman who is married to John Proctor. Despite her physical weaknesses, Elizabeth has a certain internal strength that John is lacking. She is very steadfast in her beliefs and will not compromise on what she thinks to please others. However, she also has some insecurities about her worthiness which she feels have made her doubt her husband’s devotion to her and may have helped to push him away. Reverend John Hale Reverend Hale is a minister from the town of Beverley who is supposedly an expert on witchcraft. Hale is an arrogant intellectual who perceives himself as a savior of the ignorant. He is responsible for setting off many of the terrible events in the play, but he is ultimately cursed with enough self-awareness and critical thinking ability to realize that he was wrong. He is emotionally destroyed by guilt over his mistakes. Reverend Samuel Parris Parris is an unpopular, paranoid, and greedy minister who presides over the town of Salem. He is power-hungry but has weak convictions and a shallow, materialistic outlook that enables him to bend his views whichever way will give him the biggest boost in public opinion. As a petty and whiny narcissist, Parris only cares about the events of the play if they affect him directly. His main concerns are preserving his reputation and personal wealth. Tituba Tituba is Reverend Parris’ middle-aged slave from Barbados. As someone with very little power in this society, she is used throughout the play as a scapegoat for the actions of other characters. Tituba confesses to witchcraft out of self-preservation while hinting at a strong dislike for Parris and a desire to return to her homeland with its less draconian culture. Deputy Governor Danforth Danforth is a somewhat pedantic man experienced in legal matters who takes his position of authority very seriously. Partially because he is so concerned with preserving the integrity of the court, he is prone to letting paranoia get the best of him and is entirely inflexible in his decisions. He believes he is conducting a methodical investigation, but he ultimately makes decisions that are based on bias and fear of damage to his reputation. Mary Warren Mary is a teenage girl who is employed as a servant by the Proctors. Mary is timid and impressionable. She is easily influenced by peer pressure and approval or disapproval from authority figures. Mary has a weak sense of her identity and convictions, so she is constantly pulled in different directions by other characters. She allows fear to rule most of her decisions. Giles Corey Giles is an outspoken elderly man who is arguably the most fearless character in the play. He refuses to let anyone push him around. While not formally educated, he's intelligent and legally savvy in his own way. Having been embroiled in a slew of legal battles in the past, he is one of the few who understands that many accusations of witchcraft are politically motivated. Rebecca Nurse Rebecca is a gentle old woman who is extremely well-respected in Salem and portrayed as a nearly saintly figure. Although she is highly devout, she has accumulated enough practical wisdom to be skeptical of the accusations of witchcraft. She becomes a victim of the town’s hysteria because of a political dispute between her family and the Putnams (the Nurses prevented Thomas Putnam's chosen candidate for the Salem ministry from taking office). Here are my visual interpretations of some of the main characters. Left to right: Giles Corey, Mary Warren, Rebecca Nurse, Abigail Williams, John Proctor. Other Ways to StudyCrucible Characters We've also written articles that focus specifically on certain characters and their significance in the play. Check out these links for more information on the following characters: John Proctor Abigail Williams Mary Warren Giles Corey Rebecca Nurse The Crucible: List of Major Themes In this section, I'll list the six most prominent themes that are found throughout The Crucible along with some important discussion questions.For more details on how the role these ideas play in the story, check out our complete guide toThe Crucible themes. Irony The Crucible is filled with moments of irony that can make it seem almost like a work of satire. How is irony used to show the hypocrisy of the society portrayed in the play? How does it help us better understand the characters? Hysteria This play is one of the most influential portrayals of mass hysteria in popular culture. Why does mass hysteria grow out of one small incident, and how are the fires of hysteria stoked throughout the play? What does this tell us about human nature? Reputation There is a continuous thread of concern for one's reputation that runs throughout The Crucible. Why is reputation so important in this society? Which characters value their reputations the most, and how does this impact their actions and the course of the play as a whole? Power/Authority Characters in The Crucible are always looking to gain power over others or maintain a high status that gives them control within their community. How do the power dynamics between characters shift as the play progresses? How does a desire to obtain or preserve power and authority impact different characters’ actions? Why does power seem to correspond with irrationality and rigidity? Deception Almost everything that happens in The Crucible is a result of lies in one form or another. What are some critical points in the play where telling the truth could have changed the course of events? Why do different characters lie? Why are people in the play seemingly so easily deceived? Guilt John Proctor, in particular, struggles with guilt throughout The Crucible, although in the final act other characters also express these feelings. How does the society portrayed in the play encourage guilt and shame? Does John really overcome his guilt at the end? Who should feel most guilty for what happened? There are wheels within wheels in Salem, just as Ann Putnam says in the play. However, those wheels merely represent the selfish tendencies at the root of human nature. Other Ways to Study Crucible Themes For more elaboration on these themes and how they are expressed throughout the play, read my more in-depth article on the main themes in The Crucible. You can also read my article on McCarthyism and The Red Scare as they relate to the play to get more information on the context in which The Crucible was written and why its themes remain relevant throughout history. The Bottom Line Now that you've read the completeThe Cruciblesummary, be sure to explore the other parts of our guide for additional insight into the play. Whether you're looking for summaries of individual acts, analyses of main characters, or a breakdown of the play's major themes, you should be able to find the information you need to answer all of your English teacher's most confusing questions. Protip: If all else fails, just pretend you can't answer the question because you're being attacked by the familiar spirit of the most annoying kid in your class. What's Next? There are a couple of common questions that come up about the plot of The Crucible that we've answered directly in short articles. Take a look at our answers as to why Elizabeth asks John to go to Salem in Act 2 and why Reverend Hale returns to Salem in Act 4. Need some quotes for that killer essay you're writing? This article goes through the most important quotes in the play accompanied with explanations of their significance. I gave a short list of characters in this article, but if you want a full rundown of everyone who shows up in the play, check out our complete character list. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Medieval lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medieval lit - Essay Example 21-23). Plainly, he is upset that the queen is carrying on an affair that everyone knows about, but no one is doing anything about. Obviously, he doesn’t think it is fair to Arthur. In fact, what Guinevere is doing is against the law in more that one way. First, cheating on her husband is committing treason against the king. Second, some of her acts call for Lancelot to lie to the king, which is also unlawful. Setting aside for a moment that adultery is morally wrong, the fact that she displays a lack of ethics, and a disregard for the law is a good insight into the person Guinevere actually is. Instead of the epitome of honor and grace that queen’s of the time usually displayed, Guinevere was a liar, a cheater, and a disgrace to the throne. Guinevere’s actions cause the knights to feel the need to explain to Arthur that his favored knight is a â€Å"traytoure to youre person† (647, l. 32). Hence, they set a trap for Lancelot so that the king would have proof that the two were traitors. The initial problem with the whole set up is that the king, and the knights, have plenty to worry about from outside threats. They shouldn’t have to spend their time setting traps for people who are supposed to be on their side. Another problem is that once caught, the king is forced to do something. In order to save face, and protect his kingdom from people who would think he was weak for excusing traitors, the king would have to take drastic measures against his wife, or his favorite knight. Again, none of this is healthy for a kingdom. Without question, Camelot is worse for hosting Queen Guinevere. After the affair is discovered, Arthur sentences her to die. Technically, this, too, is probably a denegration of the king, since Guinevere’s position (even prior to marrying the Arthur) probably meant that she should have had a trial. Arthur

A Physician Is Immune from Liability When a Patients Actions Assignment

A Physician Is Immune from Liability When a Patients Actions Contribute as Much to His Own Harm as the Physicians - Assignment Example In cases of medical liability, informed refusal often arises in instances when patients claim that they were not fully made aware of the fact that by not following the doctors’ suggestions for either a screening regimen, appointments or taking their medication as ordered. Instead, they claim that doctors and nurses were not either clear or assertive (Martin et al, 2005). These patients seemingly agree to follow the doctor’s recommendations and then do not. Thereafter, these patients allege that the physician did not provide them with a full picture of the potential harm that could come to them from not following the recommendations put to them by the doctor (Lerner, 2014). The role of the physician in patient care is to actively determine what the most appropriate treatment for a patient is based on their medical problem determined by the physician’s knowledge, medical judgment as well as experience (Furrow et al, 2013). Thereafter, his job is to present these recommendations to the patient for their consideration and ideally to gain consent that they will follow through on the treatment plan. As a general rule, the patient is the one who makes the ultimate decision with regard to their medical care and therefore has the final word on whether or not to carry on with the treatment recommended (Hoffman, 2011). If the patient elects to follow the recommendations put forward by the physician, then essentially the only thing that the physician can do is to provide helpful advice and to follow up on the missed appointments. Non-compliance is an issue that is well known and in many instances inevitable (Hoffman, 2011).  

Applying The Anova Test Education Essay

Applying The Anova Test Education Essay Chapter 6 ANOVA When you want to compare means of more than two groups or levels of an independent variable, one way ANOVA can be used. Anova is used for finding significant relations. Anova is used to find significant relation between various variables. The procedure of ANOVA involves the derivation of two different estimates of population variance from the data. Then statistic is calculated from the ratio of these two estimates. One of these estimates (between group variance) is the measure of the effect of independent variable combined with error variance. The other estimate (within group variance) is of error variance itself. The F-ratio is the ratio of between groups and within groups variance. In case, the null hypothesis is rejected, i.e., when significant different lies, post adhoc analysis or other tests need to be performed to see the results. The Anova test is a parametric test which assumes: Population normality data is numerical data representing samples from normally distributed populations Homogeneity of variance the variances of the groups are similar the sizes of the groups are similar the groups should be independent ANOVA tests the null hypothesis that the means of all the groups being compared are equal, and produces a statistic called F. If the means of all the groups tested by ANOVA are equal, fine. But if the result tells us to reject the null hypothesis, we perform Brown-Forsythe and Welch test options in SPSS. Assumption of Anova: Homogeneity of Variance. As such homogeneity of variance tests are performed. If this assumption is broken then Brown-Forsythe test option and Welch test option display alternate versions of F-statistic. Homogeneity of Variance: If significance value is less than 0.05, variances of groups are significantly different. Brown-Forsythe and Welch test option: If significance value is less than 0.05, reject null hypothesis. Anova: If significance value is less than 0.05, reject null hypothesis. Post Hoc analysis involves hunting through data for some significance. This testing carries risks of type I errors. Post hoc tests are designed to protect against type I errors, given that all the possible comparisons are going to be made. These tests are stricter than planned comparisons and it is difficult to obtain significance. There are many post hoc tests. More the options, stricter will be the determination of significance. Some post hoc tests are: Scheffe test- allows every possible comparison to be made but is tough on rejecting the null hypothesis. Tukey test / honestly significant difference (HSD) test- lenient but the types of comparison that can be made are restricted. This chapter will show Tukey test also. One way ANOVA Working Example 1 : One-way between groups ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons Vijender Gupta wants to compare the scores of CBSE students from four metro cities of India i.e. Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai. He obtained 20 participant scores based on random sampling from each of the four metro cities, collecting 100 responses. Also note that, this is independent design, since the respondents are from different cities. He made following hypothesis: Null Hypothesis : There is no significant difference in scores from different metro cities of India Alternate Hypothesis : There is significant difference in scores from different metro cities of India Make the variable view of data table as shown in the figure below. Enter the values of city as 1-Delhi, 2-Kolkata, 3-Mumbai, 4-Chennai. Fill the data view with following data. City Score 1 400.00 1 450.00 1 499.00 1 480.00 1 495.00 1 300.00 1 350.00 1 356.00 1 269.00 1 298.00 1 299.00 1 599.00 1 466.00 1 591.00 1 502.00 1 598.00 1 548.00 1 459.00 1 489.00 1 499.00 2 389.00 2 398.00 2 399.00 2 599.00 2 598.00 2 457.00 2 498.00 2 400.00 2 300.00 2 369.00 2 368.00 2 348.00 2 499.00 2 475.00 2 489.00 2 498.00 2 399.00 2 398.00 2 378.00 2 498.00 3 488.00 3 469.00 3 425.00 3 450.00 3 399.00 3 385.00 3 358.00 3 299.00 3 298.00 3 389.00 3 398.00 3 349.00 3 358.00 3 498.00 3 452.00 3 411.00 3 398.00 3 379.00 3 295.00 3 250.00 4 450.00 4 400.00 4 450.00 4 428.00 4 398.00 4 359.00 4 360.00 4 302.00 4 310.00 4 295.00 4 259.00 4 301.00 4 322.00 4 365.00 4 389.00 4 378.00 4 345.00 4 498.00 4 489.00 4 456.00 Click on Analyze menuÆ’Â  Compare MeansÆ’Â  One-Way ANOVAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.One-Way ANOVA dialogue box will be opened. Select Student Score(dependent variable) in Dependent List box and City(independent variable) in the Factor as shown in the figure below. Click Contrastsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button. Contrasts sub dialogue box will be opened. See that all the settings remain as shown in the figure below. Click Continue to close this sub dialogue box and come back to One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Click Post Hocà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button. Post Hoc sub dialogue box will be opened. See that all the settings remain as shown in the figure below. Click Tukey test and Click Continue to close this sub dialogue box and come back to One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Also note that significant level in this sub dialogue box is 0.05, which can be changed according to the need. Click Optionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button. Options sub dialogue box will be opened. Select the Descriptive and Homogenity of variance test check box and see that all the settings remain as shown in the figure below. Click Continue to close this sub dialogue box and come back to One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Click OK to see the output viewer. The Output: ONEWAY Score BY City /STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES HOMOGENEITY /MISSING ANALYSIS /POSTHOC=TUKEY ALPHA(0.05). Descriptives Student Score N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound Delhi 20 447.3500 104.69016 23.40943 398.3535 496.3465 269.00 599.00 Kolkata 20 437.8500 79.75771 17.83437 400.5222 475.1778 300.00 599.00 Mumbai 20 387.4000 67.25396 15.03844 355.9242 418.8758 250.00 498.00 Chennai 20 377.7000 68.49287 15.31547 345.6443 409.7557 259.00 498.00 Total 80 412.5750 85.54676 9.56442 393.5375 431.6125 250.00 599.00 Test of Homogeneity of Variances Student Score Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 2.371 3 76 .077 Since, homogeneity of variance should not be there for conducting Anova tests, which is one of the assumptions of Anova, we see that Levenes test shows that homogeneity of variance is not significant (p>0.05). As such, you can be confident that population variances for each group are approximately equal. We can see the Anova results ahead. ANOVA Student Score Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 73963.450 3 24654.483 3.716 .015 Within Groups 504178.100 76 6633.922 Total 578141.550 79 Table above shows the F test values along with degrees of freedom (2,76) and significance of 0.15. Given that p Multiple Comparisons Student Score Tukey HSD (I) Metro City (J) Metro City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Delhi Kolkata 9.50000 25.75640 .983 -58.1568 77.1568 Mumbai 59.95000 25.75640 .101 -7.7068 127.6068 Chennai 69.65000* 25.75640 .041 1.9932 137.3068 Kolkata Delhi -9.50000 25.75640 .983 -77.1568 58.1568 Mumbai 50.45000 25.75640 .213 -17.2068 118.1068 Chennai 60.15000 25.75640 .099 -7.5068 127.8068 Mumbai Delhi -59.95000 25.75640 .101 -127.6068 7.7068 Kolkata -50.45000 25.75640 .213 -118.1068 17.2068 Chennai 9.70000 25.75640 .982 -57.9568 77.3568 Chennai Delhi -69.65000* 25.75640 .041 -137.3068 -1.9932 Kolkata -60.15000 25.75640 .099 -127.8068 7.5068 Mumbai -9.70000 25.75640 .982 -77.3568 57.9568 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Using Tukey HSD further, we can conclude that Delhi and Chennai have significant difference in their scores. This can be concluded from figure above and figure below. Student Score Tukey HSDa Metro City N Subset for alpha = 0.05 1 2 Chennai 20 377.7000 Mumbai 20 387.4000 387.4000 Kolkata 20 437.8500 437.8500 Delhi 20 447.3500 Sig. .099 .101 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 20.000. Working Example 2 : One-way between groups ANOVA with Brown-Forsythe and Weltch tests Aditya wants to see that there exists a significant difference between collecting information (internet use) and internet benefits. He collects data from 29 respondents and finds the solution through one way Anova. Note: The respondents count in the working example is kept small for showing all the 29 responses in data view window in figure ahead. Null Hypothesis : There is no significant difference in collecting information and internet benefits. Alternate Hypothesis : There is significant difference in collecting information and internet benefits. Internet Use Collecting Information(Info) [see figure below] Internet Benefits Availability of updated information(Use1) Easy movement across websites(Use2) Prompt online ordering(Use3) Prompt query handling(Use4) Get lowest price for product/service purchase(Compar1) Easy comparison of product/service from several vendors(Compar2) Easy comparison of price from several vendors(Compar3) Able to obtain competitive and educational information regarding product/ service(Compar4) Reduced order processing time(RedPTM1) Reduced paper flow(RedPTM2) Reduced ordering costs(RedPTM3) Info (Collecting Information) : 1(Never), 2(Occasionally), 3(Considerably), 4(Almost Always), 5(Always) Internet Benefits : 1(Not important), 2(Less important), 3(Important), 4(Very Important), 5(Extremely Important) Enter the variable view of variables as shown in the figure below. Enter the data in the data view as shown in the figure below. Click AnalyzeÆ’Â  Compare MeansÆ’Â  One-Way ANOVAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The One-Way ANOVA dialogue box will be opened. Insert all the internet benefits variables in dependent list and internet use variable in the factor as shown in the figure below. Click Post Hocà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button to open its sub dialogue box. See that significance level is set as per need. In this case, we have used 0.05 significance level. Click Continue to close the sub dialogue box. Click Optionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button in the One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Select the Descriptive, Homogeneity of variance test, Brown-Forsythe and Welch check boxes and click continue to close this sub dialogue box. Click OK to see the output viewer. The OUTPUT ONEWAY Use1 Use2 Use3 Use4 Compar1 Compar2 Compar3 Compar4 RedPTM1 RedPTM2 RedPTM3 BY InfoG2 /STATISTICS HOMOGENEITY BROWNFORSYTHE WELCH /MISSING ANALYSIS. Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. Availability of Updated information 1.117 3 25 .361 Easy Movement across around websites .475 3 25 .703 Prompt online ordering .914 3 25 .448 Prompt Query handling 2.379 3 25 .094 Get lowest price for product / service purchase 1.327 3 25 .288 Easy comparison of product / service from several vendors .755 3 25 .530 Easy comparison of price from several vendors 3.677 3 25 .025 Able to obtain competitive and educational information regarding product / service 1.939 3 25 .149 Reduced order processing time .326 3 25 .806 Reduced Paper Flow 1.478 3 25 .245 Reduced Ordering Costs 2.976 3 25 .051 Table above shows that Easy comparison of price from several vendors has significantly different variances according to levene statistic and showing significant level of only 0.025 (which is below 0.05 for 5% level of significance) as such anova result may not be valid for this variable. Therefore, Brown-Forsythe and Welch tests are performed for analyzing this particular variable. ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Availability of Updated information Between Groups .702 3 .234 1.775 .178 Within Groups 3.298 25 .132 Total 4.000 28 Easy Movement across around websites Between Groups 2.630 3 .877 1.817 .170 Within Groups 12.060 25 .482 Total 14.690 28 Prompt online ordering Between Groups 1.785 3 .595 2.154 .119 Within Groups 6.905 25 .276 Total 8.690 28 Prompt Query handling Between Groups 1.742 3 .581 2.132 .121 Within Groups 6.810 25 .272 Total 8.552 28 Get lowest price for product / service purchase Between Groups .059 3 .020 .074 .974 Within Groups 6.631 25 .265 Total 6.690 28 Easy comparison of product / service from several vendors Between Groups .604 3 .201 .617 .610 Within Groups 8.155 25 .326 Total 8.759 28 Easy comparison of price from several vendors Between Groups 6.630 3 2.210 4.582 .011 Within Groups 12.060 25 .482 Total 18.690 28 Able to obtain competitive and educational information regarding product / service Between Groups 1.302 3 .434 2.212 .112 Within Groups 4.905 25 .196 Total 6.207 28 Reduced order processing time Between Groups .273 3 .091 .259 .854 Within Groups 8.762 25 .350 Total 9.034 28 Reduced Paper Flow Between Groups .140 3 .047 .110 .954 Within Groups 10.619 25 .425 Total 10.759 28 Reduced Ordering Costs Between Groups .647 3 .216 .453 .718 Within Groups 11.905 25 .476 Total 12.552 28 Table above shows the F test values along with significance in case of collecting information (Internet use). Comparing the F test values and significance values, we see that all the anova comparisons favour the acceptance of null hypothesis. Please note that significance values are greater than 0.05 in all the variables except easy comparison of price from several vendors, according to homogeneity rule, this variable will not be judged by Anova F statistic. For this variable, we have performed Welch and Brown-Forsythe tests. Robust Tests of Equality of Meansb,c,d Statistica df1 df2 Sig. Availability of Updated information Welch 1.123 3 7.172 .401 Brown-Forsythe 1.244 3 6.530 .368 Easy Movement across around websites Welch 1.659 3 8.402 .249 Brown-Forsythe 2.051 3 17.509 .144 Prompt online ordering Welch 1.633 3 7.896 .258 Brown-Forsythe 2.178 3 11.593 .145 Prompt Query handling Welch . . . . Brown-Forsythe . . . . Get lowest price for product / service purchase Welch . . . . Brown-Forsythe . . . . Easy comparison of product / service from several vendors Welch .560 3 8.014 .656 Brown-Forsythe .682 3 12.935 .579 Easy comparison of price from several vendors Welch . . . . Brown-Forsythe . . . . Able to obtain competitive and educational information regarding product / service Welch 1.472 3 7.457 .298 Brown-Forsythe 1.827 3 9.211 .211 Reduced order processing time Welch .219 3 8.155 .881 Brown-Forsythe .278 3 14.596 .840 Reduced Paper Flow Welch .119 3 8.021 .946 Brown-Forsythe .122 3 15.144 .946 Reduced Ordering Costs Welch .735 3 8.066 .560 Brown-Forsythe .525 3 16.006 .671 a. Asymptotically F distributed. b. Robust tests of equality of means cannot be performed for Prompt Query handling because at least one group has 0 variance. c. Robust tests of equality of means cannot be performed for Get lowest price for product / service purchase because at least one group has 0 variance. d. Robust tests of equality of means cannot be performed for Easy comparision of price from several vendors because at least one group has 0 variance. Table above shows the Welch and Brown-Forsythe tests performed on the internet benefits and particularly help in analyzing easy comparison of product / service from several vendors. The significance values are much higher then required 0.05. The Statistics and significance values indicate the acceptance of null hypothesis. The analysis and conclusion from output: Homogeneity of Variance test Anova test Brown-Forsythe test Welch test Accept Null Hypothesis Use1 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Use2 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Use3 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Use4 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Compar1 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Compar2 x x Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Compar3 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Compar4 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ RedPTM1 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ RedPTM2 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ RedPTM3 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ All the results verify the Null Hypothesis acceptance. Hence, we accept null hypothesis, i.e., There is no significant difference in collecting information and internet benefits. Working Example 3 : One-way between groups ANOVA with planned comparisons Ritu Gupta wants to know the sales in four different metro cities of India in Diwali season. She assumes the sales contrast of 2:1:-1:-2 for Delhi:Kolkata:Mumbai:Chennai, respectively. She collects sales data from 10 respondents each from the four metro cities, collecting a total of 40 sales data. Open new data file and make variables as shown in the figure below. The values column in the city row consists of following values: 1 Delhi 2 Kolkata 3 Mumbai 4 Chennai Enter the sales data of 40 respondents as shown below: City Sales (Rs. Lacs) 1 500.00 1 498.00 1 478.00 1 499.00 1 450.00 1 428.00 1 500.00 1 498.00 1 486.00 1 469.00 2 500.00 2 428.00 2 439.00 2 389.00 2 379.00 2 498.00 2 469.00 2 428.00 2 412.00 2 410.00 3 421.00 3 410.00 3 389.00 3 359.00 3 369.00 3 359.00 3 349.00 3 349.00 3 359.00 3 400.00 4 289.00 4 269.00 4 259.00 4 299.00 4 389.00 4 349.00 4 350.00 4 301.00 4 297.00 4 279.00 Click AnalyzeÆ’Â  Compare MeansÆ’Â  One-Way ANOVAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This will open One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Shift the Sales variable to Dependent List and City variable to Factor column. Click Contrastsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button to open its sub dialogue box. Enter the coefficients as shown in the figure below. Notice that the coefficient total should be zero. Click continue to close the sub dialogue box and come back to previous dialogue box. Click Post Hocà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button to check the significance level in the Post Hoc sub dialogue box. In this case it is 0.05. Click continue to close this sub dialogue box. Click Optionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button to open its sub dialogue box. Select descriptive and homogeneity of variance test and click continue to close this sub dialogue box. This will open previous dialogue box. Click OK to see the output viewer. The Output: ONEWAY Sales BY City /CONTRAST=2 1 -1 -2 /STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES HOMOGENEITY /MISSING ANALYSIS. Descriptives Sales (Rs.Lacs) N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound Delhi 10 480.6000 24.87837 7.86723 462.8031 498.3969 428.00 500.00 Kolkata 10 435.2000 41.99153 13.27889 405.1611 465.2389 379.00 500.00 Mumbai 10 376.4000 26.45415 8.36554 357.4758 395.3242 349.00 421.00 Chennai 10 308.1000 41.33992 13.07283 278.5272 337.6728 259.00 389.00 Total 40 400.0750 73.46703 11.61616 376.5791 423.5709 259.00 500.00 Test of Homogeneity of Variances Sales (Rs.Lacs) Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 1.377 3 36 .265 The Levene test statistic shows that p>.05. As such, assumption of ANOVA for homogeneity of variance has not been violated. ANOVA Sales (Rs.Lacs) Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 167379.475 3 55793.158 46.581 .000 Within Groups 43119.300 36 1197.758 Total 210498.775 39 The Anova F-ratio and significance values suggests that season does significantly influence the sales in the cities, F(3,36) = 46.581, p The contrast coefficients, as assumed are shown in the table below. Contrast Coefficients Contrast Metro City Delhi Kolkata Mumbai Chennai 1 2 1 -1 -2 Contrast Tests Contrast Value of Contrast Std. Error t df Sig. (2-tailed) Sales (Rs.Lacs) Assume equal variances 1 403.8000 34.60865 11.668 36 .000 Does not assume equal variances 1 403.8000 34.31443 11.768 22.101 .000 Since, the assumptions of homogeneity of variance were not violated, you can discuss with assume equal variances row of upper table. The t value of 36 is highly significant (p The descriptive table shows that during Diwali season, Delhi has maximum sales and Chennai has least sales according to the respondents. To obtain F value, the above T value will be squared, i.e. F=T2 = 11.668*11.668=136.142224. Also note that, df1 for planned comparison is always 1, i.e. df1=1 and df2 will be shown in the within groups estimate of ANOVA table above, i.e., df2=36. As such we can write the result as F(1,36)=136.142224, p Two way ANOVA Two way ANOVA is similar to one way ANOVA in all the aspects except that in this case additional independent variable is introduced. Each independent variable includes two or more variants. Working Example 4 : Two way between groups ANOVA Neha gupta wants to research that whether sales (dependent) of the respondents depend on their place(independent) and education (independent). She assigns 9 respondents from each metro city. Each respondent can select three education levels. Place: 1(Delhi), 2(Kolkata), 3(Chennai) Education: 1(Under graduate), 2(Graduate), 3(Post Graduate) A total of 3x3x9 = 81 responses were collected. She wants to know whether : The location influences sales? The education influences the sales? The influence of education on sales depends on location of respondent? Make the data file by creating variables as shown in the figure below. Enter the data in the data view as shown in the figure below. Click AnalyzeÆ’Â  General Linear ModelÆ’Â  Univariateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This will open Univariate dialogue box. Choose sales and send it in dependent variable box. Similarly, choose place and education to send them in fixed factor(s) list box. Click Options push button to open its sub dialogue box. Click Descriptive Statistics, Estimates of effect size, Observed power and Homogeneity tests check boxes in the Display box and click continue. Previous dialogue box will open. Click OK to see the output. The Output : UNIANOVA Sales BY Place Education /METHOD=SSTYPE(3) /INTERCEPT=INCLUDE /PRINT=ETASQ HOMOGENEITY DESCRIPTIVE OPOWER /CRITERIA=ALPHA(.05) /DESIGN=Place Education Place*Education. Between-Subjects Factors Value Label N Place 1 Delhi 9 2 Kolkata 9 3 Chennai 9 Education 1